职称英语综合类概括大意练习题
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练习题一
Geology and Health
The importance of particular metals in the human diet has been realized within the past few decades， and the idea that geology might be related to health has been recognized for a number of elements such as iodine， zinc and selenium. For example， soils with low iodine contents produce crops， and animals deficient in iodine. A lack of iodine in the human diet leads to some serious diseases.
The ultimate source of metals within the human body is rocks， which weather into soil， gaining or losing some of their chemical constituents. The crops we eat selectively rem
ove from the soil the elements that they require for growth. The water we drink contains trace elements leached from rock and soil. Thus the geology and geochemistry of the environments have effects on the chemistry and health of plants， animals and people.
So far there is no data to suggest that people living on metal-rich soils experience a potential health hazard. The levels of metals within naturally contaminated soils are generally not high enough to cause serious health problems. Living on metal-rich soils does not represent a health risk unless large quantities of soil are digested or metal-rich dust is inhaled. However， small children are particularly exposed to metal-rich topsoil in playgrounds and gardens. They are also the most likely ones to eat potentially dangerous metal-rich soil.
Heavy metals are persistent; they do not break down to other chemicals in the environment. Industrially polluted sites usually undergo intensive clean-up and rehabilitation because heavy metals are a health concern once they enter the food chain. Some trace metals are alleged to cause cancer and are also known to cause poisoning.
In contrast， naturally contaminated soils have not been subject to risk assessment studies and rehabilitation measures， despite the fact that they frequently possess metal concentrations well above those of such polluted by humans and above environmental quality criteria.
There is a vital need to understand the potential risks and long-term health effects of living on naturally contaminated soils. Future environmental investigations of naturally polluted soils should concentrate on the potential pathways of metals into the food chain and human body. Geologists should be part of such studies as they can provide the essential background information on rock and soil chemistry as well as the chemical forms of heavy metal pollution.
A. No evidence to indicate bad effects of naturally contaminated soil
B. Potential hazards of human contaminated soils
C. Research on channels of heavy metals getting into human food chain
D. Geology and health problems
E. Rocks-the ultimate source of soil pollution
F. Long- term helth effects on children
1. Paragraph 1
2. Paragraph 3
3. Paragraph 4
4. Paragraph 6
A. industrially polluted soils
B. rock and soil chemistry
C. naturally polluted soils
D. the pathways of metals into the food chain
E. the element of iodine
F. the persistence of heavy metals
5. Some serious diseases is connected with deficiency of ……
6. It is extremely necessary to study the long-term effects caused by living on ……
7. Geologists are indispensable in the research project on geology and health due to their knowledge on……
8. Industrially contaminated sites usually require a thorough clean-up due to ……
参考答案： DABCECBF
练习题二
The Open University in Britain
1 In 1963 the leader of the Labour Party made a speech explaining plans for a “ university of the air”-an educational system which would make use of television， radio and correspondence courses. Many people laughed at the idea， but it became part of the Labour Party s programme to give educational opportunity to those people who， for one reason or another， had not had a chance to receive further education.
2 By 1969 plans were well advanced and by August 1970 the Open University， as it is now called， had received 400，000 applications. Only 25，000 could be accepted for the four “foundation” courses offered： social sciences， arts， science and mathematics. Unsuccessful candidates were told to apply again the following year， when a foundation course in technology would also be offered.
3 The first teaching programmes appeared on the air and screen in January 1971， with clerks， farm workers， housewives， teachers， policemen and many others as students. Correspondence units had been carefully prepared and science students were given devices for a small home laboratory. Study centers have been set up all over the country so that students can attend once a week， and once a year they will spend a week at one of the university s summer schools.
4 It has been nearly 30 years since the Open University started to offer courses. Now it is a very important part of the British educational system. Not only does it offer foundation courses like those mentioned above， it also carries out very advanced scientific researches， some of which lead to Master s or PH.D Degrees. Many other countries have started similar educational programmes following the successful example of the Open University in Britain.
1. Paragraph 2_____________.
2. Paragraph 3_____________.
3. Paragraph 4_____________.
A Progress since its founding
B Special facilities of the university
C Enrollment in the early days
D Teaching staff of the university
4. In Britain， besides taking academic courses on TV and on radio， people can also_____________.
5. The Labour Party was the first party in Britain that_____________.
6. In 1971， the Open University started to_________
7. When the Open University first started， there were more applicants_____________.
A put forward the idea of founding the Open University
B than it could admit
C learn through correspondence
D offer foundation courses in technology
E charge students a low tuition fee
参考答案： CBACADB
练习题三
Museums in the Modern World
Museums have changed. They are no longer places for the privileged few or for bored vacationers to visit on rainy days. Action and democracy are words used in descriptions of museums now.
At a science museum in Ontario， Canada， you can feel your hair stand on end as harmless electricity passes through your body. At the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City， you can look at 17th century instruments while listening to their music. At the Modern Museum in Sweden， you can put on costumes provided by the Stockholm Opera. As these examples show， museums are reaching out to new audiences， particularly the young， the poor， and the less educated members of the population. As a result， attendance is increasing.
More and more， museums directors are realizing that people learn best when they can somehow become part of what they are seeing. In many science museums， for example， there are no guided tours. The visitor is encouraged to touch， listen， operate， and experiment so as to discover scientific principles for himself. He can have the experience of operating a spaceship or a computer. He can experiment with glass blowing and paper making. The purpose is not only to provide fun but also to help people feel at home in the world of science. The theory is that people who do not understand science will probably fear it， and those who fear science will not use it to best advantage. Many museums now provide educational services and children s departments. In addition to the usual displays， they also offer film showings and dance programs. Instead of being places that one “should” visit， they are places to enjoy.
One cause of all these changes is the increase in wealth and leisure time. Another cause is the rising percentage of young people in the population. Many of these young people are college students or college graduates. They are better educated than their parents. They see things in a new and different way. They are not content to stand and look at works of are; they want art they can participate in. The same is true of science and history. In the US， certain groups who formerly were too poor to care about anything beyond the basic needs of daily life are now becoming curious about the world around them. The young people in these groups， like young people in general， have benefited from a better education than their parents received. All these groups， and the rest of the population as well， have been influenced by television， which has taught them about other places and other times.
The effect of all this has been to change existing museums and to encourage the building of new ones. In the US and Canada alone， there are now more than 6，000 museums， almost twice as many as there were 25 years ago. About half of them are devoted to history， and the rest are evenly divided between the arts and sciences. The number of visitors， according to the American Association of museums， has risen to more than 700 million a year.
In fact， the crowds of visitors at some museums are creating a major problem. Admission to museums has always been either free or very inexpensive， but now some museums are charging entrance fees for the first time or raising their prices. Even when raised， however， entrance fees are generally too low to support a museum， with its usually large building and its highly trained staff.
1. Paragraph 2________.
2. Paragraph 3________.
3. Paragraph 4________.
4. Paragraph 5________.
A Causes of changes
B Increasing number of museums and visitors
C Museums getting closer to more spectators
D Movies shown in museums
E New notions about the management of museumsF Places to visit
5. Now museums are no longer restricted to the privileged few， but________.
6. With the development of society， people， especially the young people， _________.
7. To meet the needs of society， more museums________.
8. Two major problems for museums are that they have too many visitors and they ________.
A have higher demands of museums
B are open to more people with different social background
C to lengthen their opening hours
D charge too little for admission
E have been built and open to public
参考答案： CEABBAE
练习题四
Air Transportation
Airplanes are used to carry passengers， cargo and mail. Air transport companies operate scheduled airlines and non-scheduled services over local， regional， national， and international routes. The aircraft operated by these companies range from small single-engine planes to large multiengine jet transports.
The first air passenger services began in 1910， when dirigibles began operation between several German cities. The first scheduled airplane service to carry passengers began in the U.S in 1914. Several experimental airmail flights took place in India， Europe， and the United States before World War I， but air transport service did not become a true business until after the war.
During World War Two， intercontinental air transport became firmly established. After the war the new long-distance transports with advanced facilities were increasingly able to avoid storms and strong wind and make flights more economical and consistent. A new generation of “jumbo-jet” transports began operations in 1970， and the supersonic transport entered passenger service in 1976.
During the 1970s the number of domestic passengers on U.S airlines increased about 78%， and during the 1980s the figure was up about 58%. In 1990 there were 41.8 million international passengers， the figure was a 75% increase over 1980. The total cargo flown by U.S airlines almost doubled during the 1980s， from 5.7 billion to 10.6 billion ton-miles in 1990.
Major airports provide a wide range of facilities for the convenience of millions of travelers. These range from such basic services as ticket-sales counters and restaurants to luxury hotels， shopping centers and play are as for children. International airports must also have customs areas and currency-exchange counters and son.
1. Paragraph 2 _____.
2. Paragraph 3 _____.
3. Paragraph 4 _____.
4. Paragraph 5 _____.
A Airport services
B Training of pilots
C Beginning period
D Rapid growth in the U.S.
E Development
F Competition
5. Air transport companies use different plans ____.
6. The United States was the country where ____.
7. The forty years from the 1930s to the 1970s was an important period ___.
8. Nowadays airports provide all kinds of services ____
A in the development of air transportation
B the earliest passenger flights were successfully operated
C to make travel easy and pleasant for the passengers
D to provide different services
E the shortage of qualified pilots
F traveling by air was very cheap
参考答案： C E D A D B A C
练习题五
Adult Education
Voluntary learning in organized courses by mature men and women is called adult education. Such education is offered to make people able to enlarge and interpret their experience as adults. Adults may want to study something which they missed in earlier schooling， get new skills or job training， find out about new technological developments， seek better self-understanding， or develop new talents and skills.
This kind of education may be in the form of self-study with proper guidance through the use of libraries， correspondence course， or broadcasting. It may also be acquired collectively in schools and colleges， study groups， workshops， clubs， and professional associations.
Modern adult education for large numbers of people started in the 18th and 19th centuries with the rise of the Industrial Revolution. Great economic and social changes were taking place： people were moving from rural areas to cities; new types of work were being created in an expanding factory system. These and other factors produced a need for further education and re-education of adults.
The earliest programs of organized adult education arose in Great Britain in the 1790s， with the founding of an adult school in Nottingham and a mechanics institute in Glasgow. The earliest adult education institution in the United States was founded by Benjamin Franklin and some friends in Philadelphia in 1727.
People recognize that continued learning is necessary for most forms of employment today. For example， parts of the adult population in many countries find it necessary to take part in retraining programs at work of even to learn completely new jobs. Adult education programs are springing up constantly to meet these and other needs.
1. Paragraph 2__________.
2. Paragraph 3__________.
3. Paragraph 4__________.
4. Paragraph 5__________.
A Necessity for developing adult education
B Early days of adult education
C Ways of receiving adult education
D Growth of adult education
E Institutions of adult education
F Definition of adult education
5. Some adults want to learn _______________.
6.There are various forms of adult education， including ___________.
7. Adult education has been made necessary ___________.
8. The earliest organized adult education _______________.
A by social and economic changes
B guided self-study and correspondence courses
C by studying together with children
D what they did not manage to learn earlier
E dates back to the eighteenth century
F mass production
参考答案：CABDDBAE
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