英语写作中的修辞知识归纳
学英语写作中的修辞
修辞手段一般主要用于文学性写作中。但在大学英语的英文写作中有时也需要运用一定的具有英文特征的修辞手段，而且运用得好，会使语句生动从而增添语句亮点。因此，掌握一些一般常用修辞手段对于实现语句亮点也是非常必要的。对于大学英语写作来说，主要应该掌握以下修辞手段，又称语句辞格，包括结构辞格与语义辞格。对比、排比、重复、倒装等为结构辞格，转义、双关、矛盾等则为语义辞格。
1、对比
正反对比就是要巧妙地运用对称的英文句式来表达互为补充的意思，因此恰当地运用反义词语往往是必不可少的。如果一旦所要表达的内容具有这种情况，就应尽力选用这种对称的句式并选用适当的反义词语来加强语句，实现语句的亮点。
1）如“很多人很快就会发现，他们在物质上是富裕了，精神上却很贫乏”，可以这样达：
Many people will soon find themselves rich in goods, but ragged in spirit.
(注：句中rich in 与 ragged in, goods 与 spirit 具有正反对比的关系和效果。）
2）如“利远远大于弊”，可以这样表达：
The advantages for outweigh the disadvantages.
(注：句中 the advantages 与 the disadvantages 具有正反对比的关系和效果。）
3）如“他们注意到了这些说法中的一些道理，但他们却忽视了一个重要的事实”，可以这样表达：
They have noticed a grain of truth in the statements, but have ignored a more important fact.
(注：句中have noticed 与 have ignored, a grain of truth in the statements 与 a more important fact 具有正反对比的关系和效果。)
4）如“这样做既有积极效果也有消极效果”，可以这样表达：
It will have both negative and positive effects by so doing.
(注：句中negative 与positive具有正反对比的关系和效果)
5）如“我们既有与我们很为相似的朋友，又有与我们很为不同的朋友”，可以这样表达：
We have friends similar to us and friends different from us.
(注： 句中similar to 与 different from具有正反对比的关系和效果)
2、排比
英文中有时也使用排比句式，这种句式整齐而有气势，又不会使人感到单调。例如，如“读书使我们聪明，锻炼使我们强健”，可以这样表达：
Reading makes us wise while exercises make us strong.
3、重复
英文一般讲求简洁，因此为表达强调偶尔使用重复可以使语句的强调内容得到突出。英文的重复又根据被重复词语在语句中的位置分为句首重复、句尾重复、首尾重复、尾首重复等。
1)如“现在是忘掉过去一切的时候了。现在是言归正传的时候了。现在是为未来而奋斗的时候了”，可以这样表达：
Now is the time to forget everything in the past. Now is the time to get down to the business. Now is the time to work hard for the future.
（注：此句为句首重复，重复部分为句首的now it the time to )
2)如“我们渴望成功，而且正在为成功而努力工作”，可以这样表达：
We long for success and we are working hard for success.
(注：此句为句尾重复，重复的部分为句尾的for success.)
3)如“我相信我们能够成功，我相信我们也一定会成功”，可以这样表达：
I am convinced that we can succeed, and Iam convinced that we must succeed.
(注：and 所连接的两个语句的句首与句尾部分同时重复，重复的部分为句首的 I am convinced that与句尾的succeed)
4)如“我们现在生活在一个新的时代，而一个改革充满着风险与机遇”，可以这样表达：
We are now living in a new era, and a new era of reform is always full of ventures and chances.
(注：and 之前的句尾与and之后的句首重复，重复部分为a new era.)
4、倒装
这里说的倒装不同于前述非修辞性的语法结构倒装。非修辞性的语法结构倒装是语句的语法结构所限定的，没有自由选择的余地，只要运用需要倒装结构的句型就要采用倒装结构。这里所说的倒装是指修辞性语义结构倒装，是进行强调的一种手段，它利用了语句句首(或句尾)的特殊位置。例如，如“充满着风险与机遇的改革的新时代正向我们走来”，可以这样表达：
Now on coming to us is the new era of reform full of ventures and chances.
5、转义
转义是一种对词语灵活运用的修辞手段，主要有比喻、拟人、夸张、反语、婉转等，比喻又包括明喻、暗喻、换喻、提喻等。
1)如要表达“过去的经历就像图片一样总是在脑海中萦绕”，英文可为：
What had been experienced in the past was always looming in memory like a picture.
(注：此句采用明喻，明喻的特点是使用了like一词)
2)如要表达“我们的英语老师就是我们最好的英语辞典”，英文可为：
Our English teacher is our best English dictionary.
(注：此句采用暗喻，暗喻的特点是利用事物之间的相似之处进行比喻，与明喻不同之处在于不使用like一词)
3)如要表达“我正在读莎土比亚的书呢”，英文可为：
I am reading Shakespeare.
(注：此句采用换喻，换喻的特点是直接借用一事物的名称宋代替另一事物的名称，使用通过联想理解其含义，但不是所有的事物都是可以用换喻来表达的)
4)如要表达“这里需要一个帮手”，英文可为：
A hand is needed here.
(注：此句采用提喻，提喻的特点是用一个事物的部分来代表事物的整体或用一个事物的整体来代表事物的部分。这里用hand一词代表整个人)
5)如要表达“巨大的不幸笼罩着整个城市”，英文可为：
A great misfortune crept over the whole city.
(注：此句采用拟人。拟人的特点是将事物人格化)
6)如要表达“这种想法可真是伟大的愚蠢”，英文可为：
This is really a great stupid idea.
(注：此句采用反语。反语的特点是故意将话反说，具有讽刺意味)
7)如要表达“我太渴望成功了。听到成功的消息我欣喜若狂”，英文可为：
I was mad for success and on the news of success I
went mad with joy.
(注：此句采用夸张。夸张的特点是为表现事物的特征故意夸大其词)
英语写作必背200句
According to a recent survey ,four-million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.
依照最近的一项调查,每年有4,000,000人死于与吸烟相关的疾病.
The latest surveys show that Quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.
最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感.
No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.
没有一项发明象互联网同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评.
People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.
人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实.
Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a person’s physical fitness.
许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康.
Nowadays ,many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin.Unfortunately ,for most young people ,it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.
当前,一提到即将开始的`学校生活,许多学生都会兴高采烈.然而,对多数年轻人来说,校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历.
In view of the seriousness of this problem ,effective measures should be taken before things get worse.
考虑到问题的严重性,在事态进一步恶化之前,必须采取有效的措施.
Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism.
应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量,努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响.
An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city .However ,this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents ,who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.
越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用.然而,越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法,他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题,象犯罪和卖淫.
Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus ,which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.
许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少,以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车,而车上可能已满载乘客.
There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem :the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.
无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。
An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.
一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休.
A proper part-time job does not occupy student's too much time .In fact ,it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study .As an old saying goes :All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy
一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间,事实上,把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康,正如那句老话:只工作,不玩耍,聪明的孩子会变傻.
Any government which is blind to this point may pay a heavy price.
任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价.
An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.
越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束.
When it comes to education ,the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.
说到教育,大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习.
The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills ,which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.
大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力,而这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的.
It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to fact the dangers of starvation and exposure.
无可争辩,现在有成千上万的人仍过着挨饿受冬的痛苦生活.
Although this view is widely held ,this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.
尽管这一观点被广泛接受,很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点任何年龄进行.
No one can deny the fact that a person’s education is the most important aspect of his life.
没有人能否人这一事实:教育是人生最重要的一方面.
People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer .
人们把会使用计算机与人生成功相提并论.
句长错落——语句的扩展
本文段落中的各个语句在长度上应该有一定变换，即所谓的长短句之说。短句给人以精炼强调之感，长句则给人以严谨深刻之感。一般说来，长句有两种情况，一种是由于结构复杂而形成的长句，多见于书面语；还有一种是由简单句扩展而成以使语句表达得更加生动和清楚，主要出现在口语的表达中。
例如，有人曾请两个人用英文表达同一内容：“今有一物，不知其数，三三数之余二；五五数之余三；七七数之余二。问物几何?”第一个人的英文表达很书面化：
We have a number of things which, counted by threes, leave two; by fives, leave three; and by sevens, leave two. Find the number.
第二个人的英文表达使用了比较长的语句：
We have things of which we do not know the number. If we countthem by threes, they leave a remainder of two. If we count them by fives, they leave a remainder of two. If we count them by sevens, they leave a re-mainder of two. How many things are there?
英文写作不能一味地使用短句。段落中的短句过多，不仅使得段落显得单调，而且使得段落非常零散、内容浅薄。如果一旦发现段落中尽是写短句的话，这时就需要将某些简短的语句扩展成比较长的句子。语句的扩展主要是在语句的主干上增添修饰成分(如定语、状语等)。
有些语句适宜用增添修饰成分的方法进行扩展，但增添修饰成分不应有斧凿之痕，应该使原句更加感觉有血有肉。
1 )You should stop smoking now.
你现在应该戒烟了。
如要扩展此句，可以这样进行：
"You should give up smoking now, for the sake of your own health, forthe sake of the health of others, for the sake of your family, and for the sake of the entire world. "
为了你自己的健康，为了他人的健康，为了你的家庭，也为了整个世界，你现在应该戒烟了。
2) Doctors think that an active person should have a restful hobby, while a person who sits at a desk should have a lively hobby.
医生认为爱好活动的人应该有安静型的业余爱好，而伏案工作的人应该有着活动型的业余爱好。
如要扩展此句，可以这样来进行：
Doctors think that an active person, such as a baseball player or a swimmer, should have a restful hobby such as reading, collections of stamps, dolls, buttons or shells, etc. , while a person who sits at a desk all day, such as a teacher or a doctor should have a lively hobby such as ten-nis, golf, swimming or skating.
医生认为，像棒球选手或游泳运动员这类爱好活动的人应该有安静型的业余爱好，比如阅读、收藏邮票、收藏布娃娃、收藏钮扣、收藏贝壳等，而整日伏案工作的人如教师或医生，就应该有打网球、打高尔夫球、游泳或者滑冰这类活动型的业余爱好。
3 )A child with a problem will probably go to his friends for sympathy.
一个碰到问题的孩子有可能到朋友那里寻求同情。
如要扩展此句，可以这样来进行：
A child with a problem, then he feels what he will probably get from his parents is incomprehension or criticism, will go instead to his friends for sympathy and advice, leaving the parents totally unaware of the problem he has.
一个碰到问题的孩子，当他觉得他从他的父母那里得到的有可能是不理解或者批评的时候，就会去找他的朋友们寻求同情和建议，而其父母对其问题却全然不知。
4) We can be informed of a lot by reading books.
通过阅读书籍我们可以了解很多东西。
如要扩展此句，可以这样来进行：
By reading scientific books, we can be informed of many facts; by reading geography, we know the earth' s surface, forms, physical features,ect.; by reading history, we are told of the growth of the nations.
通过阅读科技书籍，我们可以了解许多事实。通过阅读地理，我们知道了地球的表面、结构和地貌特征等。通过阅读历史，我们了解到世界的发展过程。
5) We'd better to keep company with the true friends.
我们最好和对我们有帮助的朋友交往。
如要扩展此句，可以这样进行：
As friends are both helpful and disastrous, it is better to keep company with the true friends who are helpful, encouraging and loyal, but to avoid those who are mean, stingy and treacherous.
由于既有有助于我们的朋友，也有有害于我们的朋友，因此我们最好和那些对我们有所帮助、有所鼓励和忠实的真正朋友交往，而要避免和那些庸的、吝啬的、奸诈的人交往。
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