过去完成时语法解析

时间:2023-11-10 11:32:27 炜玲 基础英语 我要投稿

过去完成时语法解析

  过去完成时表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”,侧重事情的结果。下面是小编精心整理的过去完成时语法解析,欢迎阅读与收藏。

  过去完成时语法解析

  1. 过去完成时的定义

  过去完成时既可表示过去某个时间或动作之前所发生的事情(常用时间状语有already, before, ever, just, never, still, yet),也可表示过去某个时间或动作之前所发生的动作一直持续到过去某个时间(常接时间状语:since +时间点, for + 时间段)。如:

  When I got to the station, the train had left. 当我到达车站时,火车已经开走了。

  We had learnt fifteen lessons by last week. 到上周为止,我们学完了十五篇课文。

  He had stayed here for two days before he left. 他走之前在这儿呆了两天。

  He said that he had lived there since he was ten. 他说他十岁起就住在那儿了。

  2. 过去完成时的结构

  过去完成时由“had + 过去分词”构成。

  3.过去完成时的用法

  (1) 与过去完成时连用的时间状语可以多种多样,使用它的主要依据是看其是否发生在“过去的过去”。如:

  He had learnt some English before I went here. 在来这儿之前我学过一些英语。

  He had written three stories by last year. 到去年他已经写了三篇故事。

  We had cleaned the room when he got there. 当他到那儿时,我们已经把房子弄干净了。

  He went there after he had finished his work. 他把事做完之后,就去哪儿了。

  注意:当主句跟由before, after, as soon as所引导的时间从句的动作连接很紧密时,从句也可用一般过去时。

  He went there after he read the letter. 他看了那封信后就去那儿了。

  (2) 过去完成时还经常用于主句为过去时的宾语从句中。如:

  He said he had been a soldier. 他说他当过兵。

  They said they had seen the film. 他们说这幕电影他们看过。

  (3) 在hardly / scarcely …when…, no sooner…than… 两个结构中的主句通常要用过去完成时。如:

  Hardly had I told her the news when she began to cry out. 她一听到这一消息就大哭了起来。

  Scarcely had he finished his supper when he went out. 他已吃完晚饭就出去了。

  No sooner had he fallen asleep than he lay down on the bed. 他一躺倒床上就睡着了。

  (4) 动词expect, hope, suppose, think, want等的过去完成时可用来表示未实现的计划、打算或希望。如:

  I had hoped to see you. 我本希望来看你。

  He had wanted to buy a house in Beijing. 他本想在北京买栋房子。

  过去完成时语法

  一、过去完成时的概念与结构

  概念:表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,即“过去的过去( past-in-the-past )”。

  构成:“助动词 had + 过去分词”,其中 had 通用于各种人称。

  They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.在到达旅馆之前,他们已经吃过了早饭。

  She had finished writing the composition by 10:00 this morning.今天早晨10点之前,她已经写完了作文。

  二、过去完成时的用法

  用法1.表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束,即发生在“过去的过去”。例如:

  When I woke up, it had stopped raining.

  我醒来时,雨已经停了。(雨停发生在醒来之前,即“过去的过去”)

  用法2.表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始,一直延续到这一过去时间,而且动作尚未结束,仍然有继续下去的可能。例如:

  By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. 到去年年底为止,他已经在这个工厂工作了20年。(到去年年底为止已工作了 20 年,还有继续进行下去的可能)

  三、过去完成时的判断依据

  1. 由时间状语来判定

  一般说来,各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有:

  (1)by + 过去的时间点,例如:

  I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night.

  到昨天晚上九点钟为止,我已经读完了这本小说。

  (2)by the end of + 过去的时间点,例如:

  We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.

  到上学期末为止,我们已经学了两千多单词。

  (3)before + 过去的时间点,例如:

  They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.

  在上周三之前,他们已经植了六百棵树。

  2. 由“过去的过去”来判定

  过去完成时表示“过去的过去”,是指在过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即动作有先后关系,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在:

  (1)宾语从句中

  当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时,且从句的动作先于主句的动作时,从句要用过去完成时。例如:

  She said that she had seen the film before.

  她说她之前看过这部电影。

  (2)状语从句中

  在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中,主、从句的动作发生有先后关系,动作在前的,要用过去完成时,动作在后的要用一般过去时。例如:

  When I got to the station, the train had already left.

  当我到达车站的时候,火车已经离开了。

  注意:before, after 引导的时间状语从句中,由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系,若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连,则主、从句都用一般过去时。例如:

  Where did you study before you came here?

  在你来这里之前,你在哪里学习?

  After he closed the door, he left the classroom.

  他关上门后,离开了教室。

  (3)表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…",例如:

  We had thought that you would come, but you didnt.

  我原认为你会来的,但是你没有。

  3. 根据上、下文来判定

  I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadnt seen each other since he went to Beijing.

  昨天我在街上遇到了王涛。自从他去了北京我们一直还没有见过彼此。

  四、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别

  虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,但在使用时应注意以下两点:

  1. 时间状语不同,过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”;而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较:

  They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.

  到昨天十点为止,他们已经到达了车站。

  They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.

  他们在昨天十点的时候到达车站。

  2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时,谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断,先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的则用一般过去时。例如:

  She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.

  她很高兴。她的全家对她也很满意。她刚刚在作文比赛中得了第一。

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