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2017年考研《英语》翻译题练习与答案
Text 1
The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries.(61)The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be.
Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different rom their own.Two anthropologists—linguists，Franz Boas and Edward Sapir，were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century.
(62)We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished，as the people who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.Other linguists in the earlier part of this century，however，who were less eager to deal with bizarre(古怪的)data from“exotic(外来的)”language，were not always so grateful.(63)The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the wellstudied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.Native American languages are indeed different，so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World WarⅡto sand secret messages.
Sapir’s pupil，Benjamin Lee Whorf，continued the study of American Indian languages.(64)Being interested in the relationship of the language and thought，Whorf developed the idea that the structure of the language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language，the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another.(65)Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which，in its strongest from，states that language imprisons the mind，and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce farreaching consequences for the culture of a society.Later，this idea became to be known as the SapirWhorf hypothesis，but this term is somewhat inappropriate.Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages，Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.
翻译题解：
考题所选文章是关于语言和思维关系的有趣话题，文中语言用词较通俗易懂，结构也不如往年复杂，总体难度不算大。从卷面反映的情况看，第3、5句正确率较低，1、2、4句得分相对高些。
文章开篇即指出，早在古希腊，人们就认识到语言与思维有关联，而将语言研究用于不同的语言上，则是近代的事。文中以20世纪上半叶的两个著名人类学家、语言学家Franz Boas 和Edward Sapir为例，指出他们对人类语言研究方面做出的贡献。文中的另一重要人物是Sapir 的学生Benjamin Lee Whorf，他通过分析部落语言的兴衰证明了语言与文化的不可分割性，提出了Sapir-Whorf假说。下面我们对5个划线句的翻译分别给出具体的分析解答过程。
(61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be.
句子分析：
这是一个带宾语从句，定语从句的复合句，其框架结构分析如下：
主句的主、谓结构：The Greeks assumed that 希腊人假定
宾语从句：the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought语言结构与思想的过程之间有某种联系
定语从句：which took root in Europe(这种想法)扎根于欧洲
时间状语从句：long before people realized how diverse language could be早在人们意识到语言会有多么的不同之前
翻译技巧:
此句可以采用层层剥茧的方法，先抓住整个句子的结构，然后再考虑具体的措词问题。在理清了上述结构之后，还需注意下面几个词语的处理：
assumed 假定;认为;以为
the process of thought思想的过程;思维过程
took root生根;在…扎下了根
很多人不能正确理解这个动词词组的意思，有的译成了“起源于…..”，“在…….出现了”，有的译成了“在….占统治地位”，都是不可接受的翻译。
long before 早在…之前;“在…之前早就…”
考生的错误在于不能辨别long before所限定的时间顺序，有译成“在扎根欧洲很长时间之前”，“不久的将来人们就意识到…”， 也有译成“很久以前人们就意识到…”。另外, 不要与before long(不久，不久以后)相混淆
diverse “丰富;差异性;多样性;千差万别”
多数人犯错是因为不认识该词意思，凭印象根据拼写类似词而译成“相反;倒转;转换”。
how diverse 多么的不同;多么的千差万别
could be 可能会是(can 过去式)
完整的译文：
希腊人认为，语言结构与思维的过程之间存在着某种联系。这种想法，早在人们意识到语言会有多么千差万别之前在欧洲就已经根深蒂固了。
(62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.
句子分析：
这是一个带原因状语从句、定语从句的复合句，其框架结构分析如下：
主句的主、谓、宾结构：We are obliged to them 我们感激他们
原因状语从句：because some of these languages have since vanished因为自此这些语言中的一部分消失了
定语从句：as the peoples who spoke them die d out or became assimilated and lost their native languages 因为讲它们的人灭亡了或同化了，并且丧失了自己的语言
翻译技巧:
此句的结构并不难掌握，主要是准确表达其中的下面几个措辞：
1)be obliged to感激，感谢某人
极少有人能译对这个词组，多数人根据oblige的常用意思译为“被迫”，“有义务”，都不符原文。这里提醒考生，同样的拼写可能有多种不同的含义。许多人片面追求词汇量，以为达到5000千、6000千词汇就没问题了。其实，词汇的问题比较复杂，除了拼写、基本含义，还有搭配、用法、多重含义等。这些是用词汇表、小字典进行强记所无法解决的。
2)have since vanished从那以后就消失了，不复存在了;此处的since 表示 “从此以后”之意;
since 在这句中是副词，一般人只掌握了其作为连词和介词的用法，而本句since后面只有单词vanished，是谓语的一部分，这难倒了许多人，有的译为“自从消失以后”，有的则译为“自从他们绝种后”，都不正确。可见，词汇的学习除了注意词义，还要留心词性。
die out 灭绝，完全的灭亡(cease living completely; become extinct);不宜译作 “死亡，消失”。
完整的译文：：
我们之所以感激他们，是因为从此以后，这些语言中的一部分消失了，因为讲这些语言的人要么灭绝了，要么被同化了，因而丧失了自己的语言。
(63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.
句子分析：
这是一个带有结果状语从句的系表结构，主句系表结构的框架为：
The …languages were so different from.. that …各种语言是如此的不同，以至于……
结果状语：some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.一些学者甚至指责Boas 和Sapir编造了他们的资料
定语：The newly described languages 这些新近被描述的语言
介词from 的宾语：the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia 经过充分研究的欧洲和东南亚的语言
翻译技巧:
翻译此句的关键在于掌握结构原文的so ... that …(如此…以至于)结构;措词表达上，应当注意accused sb. of sth. (指责/谴责某人作了某事)，fabricating(捏造, 伪造, 虚构)，以及The newly described(这些新近被描述的)，strikingly different(显著的不同)，the well studied languages(经过充分研究的各种语言)的准确译法。
此句难点有三处：
1) strikingly different 差别显著
许多人不理解strikingly，要么不译，要么错译为“严格不同”，“完全差别”。
2) so…that (如此…) 以至于
由于so…that间隔长，有的考生看不道这一句法结构，错把that后的从句当作South Asia的定语，译文语义混乱。
3) fabricating 编造
这个词许多人不认识，错译为 “构造”，“修饰”，“弄错”或“修改”。
完整的译文：：
这些新近被描述的各种语言与经过充分研究的欧洲和东南亚的语言是如此的显著的不同，以至于一些学者甚至指责Boas 和Sapir编造了他们的资料。
(64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.
句子分析：
这是一个由现在分词短语引起的带同位语从句的复合句。
主句的主、谓、宾结构为：Whorf developed the idea Whorf 逐渐形成了这种见解
同位语从句：(the idea)that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society 在一个社会里，语言的结构决定习惯思想的结构
现在分词短语：Being interested in the relationship of language and thought(他)对语言与思维的关系感兴趣
翻译技巧:
本句在五题中相对较容易，不少人得了满分。being interested in …应译作一个句子，即 “Whorf对语思维的关系很感兴趣”， Developed the idea 出错稍多，有译成“发明了一种认识”，也有译成“发展了一个注意”，都不恰当，而是“形成观点”，主要是汉语表达要恰当; habitual thought 应译作 “习惯(性)思维”，而不宜译作 “思考、思想”。同位语结构可考虑用冒号提示性方法来处理。
完整的译文：：
Whorf对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，他逐渐形成了这样一种观念：在一个社会里，语言的结构决定了习惯思维的结构。
(65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.
句子分析：
这是一个带宾语从句，定语从句的复合句，其框架结构分析如下：
主句的主、谓结构：Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism Whorf逐渐相信某种语言决定论
定语从句：(带两个并列宾语从句)which, …states that, …and that..这一论点宣称，……而且宣称……
并列宾语从句1：language imprisons the mind in 语言将思想禁锢其中
并列宾语从句2：the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society 语言的语法模式可以对某一社会文化产生深远的影响。
插入成分：in its strongest form以自己最强烈的形式
翻译技巧:
此句是5个试题中最难的一句。一是结构复杂，句中有句，一环套一环;二是一些词语不宜直译，如：come to believe 开始相信;都需要按汉语表达习惯在措辞上进行调整，才能翻译出正确的意思。
1)a sort of 某种
典型的错译是“一系列”。某些类似汉语量词的表达需要考生给予足够重视。
2) linguistic determinism语言决定论
linguistic意思是“语言的，语言学的”，determinism的后缀表示“…论，…主义”，但许多人没能掌握这一构词知识。
3) in its strongest form其极端说法是;在其最强烈的形式下
很多人没能根据本句的语境理解，而是照字面意思译为“它的最强烈的形式;它的最有力的形式”，这都不符合要求。
4) imprison the mind禁锢思维
考生出错是由于没找到表达imprison的恰当汉语，译为“关闭思维;囚禁头脑”。imprison把……关在监狱中，囚禁;
5) far-reaching 深远的; 伸得很远的;
这是个合成词，许多人没掌握，只能根据字面猜测：“远不可及的”，“远远到达的”等等， 这些都不正确。
完整的译文：
Whorf逐渐接受了某种语言决定论的观点;这种观点的极端说法是：语言禁锢了思想，语言的语法模式可以对某种社会文化产生深远的影响。
全文参考译文
许多世纪以来哲学家一直对语言与思维的关系颇感兴趣。(61)希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。直到最近语言学家才开始认真研究与自己的母语截然不同的语言。两位人类学家、语言学家佛朗茨·博厄斯和爱德华·萨皮尔在二十世纪上半叶描述了北美和南美许多土著语言，在这方面他们堪称先驱。(62)我们之所以感激他们(两位无驱)，是因为在此之后，这些(土著)语言中有一些已经不复存在了，这是由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡了，或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族语言。不过，在该世纪早期其他语言学家并不那么热心处理“异域”语言中的怪异数据，因此他们常不被人们所称道。(63)这些新近被描述的语言与已经得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著，以至于有些学者甚至指责博厄斯和萨皮尔编造了材料。美洲土著语言的确十分特异，纳瓦霍语实际上在二战中可以被美军用作密码发密码电报。
萨皮尔的学生本杰明·李·沃夫继续研究美洲印第安人的语言。(64)沃夫对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，逐渐形成了这样的观点:在一个社会中，语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。他论述说，某一特定语言中比较容易形成某些特定概念，但与此有别的其他概念则不易形成，因此该语言的使用者思考问题只会沿着这一条道而不会沿着那一条道进行。(65)沃夫进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点，其极端说法是:语言禁锢思维，语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。后来，这种观点成为了知名的萨皮尔—沃夫假说，不过这个术语有点不妥。虽然萨皮尔和沃夫都强调各种语言之间的差异性，但萨皮尔自己从来没有明确地表示过支持语言决定论的观念。
Text 2
The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.
If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalists intellectual preparation for his or her career.
(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.
Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.
重点词汇：
discipline:
[记]联想记忆：dis(不)+cip(拿)+line(线)——不拿老百姓一针一线——纪律
n.纪律，规定 [例]Without discipline, there is no method.没有规矩，不成方圆。
学科 [例]We will set up a new academic discipline in our school.我们将在学校设立一门新的理论学科。
训练 [例]The mountaineer has been under perfect discipline. 那登山队员受过良好的训练。
[派]disciplined a.受过训练的，遵守纪律的
preserve:
[记]词根记忆：pre(预先)+serve(保持)——便于长久保存而预先采取措施——保护，保藏
Vt.保护，维持 [例]preserve one’s eyesight 保护视力
保存，保藏 [例]Tom preserved the meat in the fridge.汤姆将肉保存在了冰箱里。
腌制 [例]The local people use smokehouses to preserve tons of fish and other seafood annually.每年，当地人利用熏制室来腌制成吨的鱼和其它海产品。
parallel:
[记]para(类似)+llel——类似的
a.平行的，并联的 [例]parallel lines 平行线
[考]run parallel to/ with 与…平行;parallel to/ with 平行的，并联的
competent:
[记]来自compete(vi.竞争)，com(加强)+pete(竞争)——竞争
a。有能力的，胜任的 [例]Young as he is ,this new manager is really competent.这位新来的经理尽管很年轻，但是非常有能力。
[派]incompetent a.不合格的，不胜任的;competently ad。胜任地，适合地
interpretations:
[记]来自interpret——inter(在…之间)+prêt——在两种语言之间——口译
Vt。解释，说明 [例]The professor asked me to interpret the long difficult sentence in front of the class.教授让我在全班同学面前解释那句又长又难得句子
了解，认为 [例]I interpreted her answer as a refusal.我把她的回答理解为是一种拒绝。
口译 [例]I interpreted the ambassador’s remarks for everybody.我为大家口译了大使的话。
[派]interpretation n.解释;口译;interpreter n.口译者，解释者
well-grounded: ad.基础牢固的, 有充分根据的
翻译题解：
46. Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.
句子分段： Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions || as the special preserve of lawyers, || rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.
句子结构： 1) 主干结构：简单句legal learning has been viewed as...rather than...;2) view...as中间插入介词词组in such institutions作状语，该词组的含义要到前一句话中去找，指的是“Canadian universities”。
词的处理： institution机构;special preserve专门的工作;intellectual equipment知识素养;educated受过良好教育的
参考译文：
传统上，在加拿大的高等学府里，学习法律一直被看作是律师的专门工作，而不是一个受过良好教育的人所必须具备的知识素养。
47. On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.
句子分段： On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner || which is parallel to the links || journalists forge on a daily basis || as they cover and comment on the news.
句子结构： 1) 主语+谓语+which引导的定语从句+省略引导词的定语从句+as引导的状语从句;2) these concepts的含义也要到前边的句子中去找，指的是前面提到的justice, democracy and freedom;3) which引导的定语从句which is...the news修饰manner，其中包含了定语从句journalists...daily basis，修饰links以及as引导的状语从句。
词的处理： concept观念;everyday reality日常生活中的实际情况;in a...manner以……方式;parallel类似的，相似的;forge使形成;on a basis以……为基础;cover报道
参考译文：
另一方面，法律又将正义、民主和自由这些观念与日常生活中的实际联系在一起，其方式就如同新闻工作者在报道和评论新闻事件时，以日常生活为基础，使这些观念与实际情况相结合一样。
48. But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.
句子分段： But the idea || that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen || rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.
句子结构： 1) 主语+that引导的同位语从句+谓语(rest on)+宾语(an understanding of...);2) the established conventions和special responsibilities均修饰news media。
词的处理： profoundly深刻地;rest on建立在……之上，以……为基础或根据;understanding理解，共识;established既定的，确认的;convention规范;news media新闻媒体
参考译文：
但是，新闻工作者对于法律的理解应该比普通公民更加深刻，这个观点是在对于新闻媒体的既定规范和特殊的社会责任有深刻认识的基础之上建立的。
49. In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.
句子分段： In fact, it is difficult to see || how journalists || who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution || can do a competent job on political stories.
句子结构： 1) 形式主语it+表语+真实主语how...political stories;2) 真实主语是how引导的从句，该从句的主语是journalists，谓语部分是can do...;who引导的定语从句修饰journalists。
词的处理： see设想，想象;grasp领会，理解;basic feature基本特点;competent令人满意的;story新闻报道
参考译文：
实际上，很难想象那些对于加拿大宪法的基本特点缺乏清晰了解的新闻工作者能够胜任政治新闻报道的工作。
50. While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.
句子分段：While comment and reaction from lawyers || may enhance stories, || it is preferable for journalists || to rely on their own notions of significance and || make their own judgments.
句子结构：while引导的状语从句+形式主语it+真实主语to rely on...and make...。
词的处理： reaction反应;enhance提高，提升;preferable更可取的，更好的;rely on依靠，依赖;notion见解，看法;significance重要性，意义;make one’s own judgment作出自己的判断
参考译文：
律师的评论和反应当然能够提升新闻报道的价值，但是，记者们最好还是依靠自己对于事件重要性的认识来做出判断。
全文翻译：
几个世纪以来，有关法律的研究一直被看成是欧洲各国大学的一门基本的知识学科。不过，只是在最近几年有关法律的研究才成为加拿大大学教育的一门学科。传统上，在加拿大的高等学府里，学习法律一直被看作是律师的专门工作，而不是一个受过良好教育的人所必须具备的知识素养。幸运的是，加拿大的许多大学正在树立法律教育更传统、更具有大陆特性的观念，有些甚至已经开始授予法律学士学位。
如果有关法律的研究正在开始成为普通教育一个不可缺少的学科的话，那么它的目的和方法应该会即刻吸引新闻学教育家。法律是一门学科，这门学科鼓励进行有责任的判断。一方面，它为分析像公正、民主以及自由这样的概念提供机会。另一方面，法律又将正义、民主和自由这些观念与日常生活中的实际联系在一起，其方式就如同新闻工作者在报道和评论新闻事件时，以日常生活为基础，使这些观念与实际情况相结合一样。比如，有关证据和事实、基本权利和公众利益这样的概念在新闻判断和新闻制作过程中起作用，就像在法庭上一样。通过学习并且反省法律来强化判断是一名新闻记者为其事业进行知识准备时渴望实现的。
但是，新闻工作者对于法律的理解应该比普通公民更加深刻，这个观点是在对于新闻媒体的既定规范和特殊的社会责任有深刻认识的基础之上建立的。政治，或者更广泛一点，国家的职能，是新闻记者报道的一个主要方面。他们对国家运作的方式了解越多，他们的报道就越优秀。实际上，很难想象那些对于加拿大宪法的基本特点缺乏清晰了解的新闻工作者能够胜任政治新闻报道的工作。
此外，法律体系以及其中发生的事件是新闻记者报道的主题。虽然与法律有关的新闻报道的性质差别很大，但是，许多新闻记者过分依赖律师提供给他们的诠释。律师的评论和反应当然能够提升新闻报道的价值，但是，记者们最好还是依靠自己对于事件重要性的认识来做出判断。
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