基础英语语法:状语从句

时间:2024-04-01 18:35:01 红萍 基础英语 我要投稿
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基础英语语法:状语从句

  在年少学习的日子里,大家都背过不少知识点,肯定对知识点非常熟悉吧!知识点就是掌握某个问题/知识的学习要点。那么,都有哪些知识点呢?下面是小编为大家收集的基础英语语法:状语从句,欢迎大家借鉴与参考,希望对大家有所帮助。

基础英语语法:状语从句

  时间状语从句

  1、when的用法

  (1)when既可引导一个持续性动作,也可引导一个短暂性动作,可用于表示主句和从句动作同时发生或从句动作先于主句动作,有时还可表示从句动作后于主句,意为“当……时候”。

  (2)when在be about to do……when……,be doing……when……,had done……when……,be on one’s way……when……,be on the point of doing……when……等结构中,作“那时突然”讲。

  (3)when “既然、鉴于;尽管,虽然(位于主句之后);如果”

  2、while的用法

  (1)表示“当……时候”,引导的动作必须是延续性的。

  (2)用作并列连词,表示相对关系“然而”。

  (3)引导让步状语从句,相当于although,意为“虽然”,位于主句前。

  (4)引导条件状语从句,相当于as/so long as,意为“只要”。

  3、as 的用法

  (1)表示“当……时候”,强调同时发生,不指先后。

  (2)说明两种正在发展或变化的情况,表示“随着”,表示时间的推移。

  (3)表示“一边……一边……”。

  (4)强调两个动作紧接着发生。

  (5)表示“虽然,尽管”。

  (6)其他含义“正如,正像”,“作为”,“由于,因为”。

  4、before的用法

  (1)一般意为“在……之前”“……才”,“……就”“还没有……”“免得”“不知不觉”“宁可,宁愿”,“否则,要不然”。

  (2)It + will be/was + 时间段+before+一般现在时/一般过去时。在肯定句中,意为“多长时间之后才”;在否定句中,意为“用不了多长时间就”。

  5、until和till

  (1)与肯定句连用,必须是延续性动词。

  (2)与否定句连用,必须是非延续性动词,表示“直到……才,在……之前不……”。

  注意:not until可用于强调句和倒装句

  强调句:It is/was not until…that…倒装句:not until 放句首时,主句要部分倒装。

  6、since的用法

  (1)since后是非延续性动词,时间起点从该动作发生算起,意为“做某事多久了”;since后是延续性动词,时间起点从该动作结束算起,意为“不做某事已有多长时间”。

  (2)It is/has been +时间段+since+一般过去时

  7、表示“一......就......”的句型

  (1)as soon as, once,immediately,directly,instantly,the moment,the minute等引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生,主句的动作随即发生,常译作“一……就……”,这类从句中,经常用一般现在时态代替将来时态。

  (2)on doing sth.或“on one’s+名词”作时间状语。

  8、有些名词和副词可以起连接词的作用,引导时间状语从句。

  注意:时间状语从句中不用将来时态。若要表示将来时间,可用一般现在时态表示。但when引导名词性从句时,从句中要使用将来时。

  地点状语从句

  1、地点状语从句由where,wherever引导。

  注意:where与where的区别:Where表特定的地点,而wherever表示非特定的地点。

  Wherever=to/at any place where

  2、地点状语从句与定语从句的区别

  Where引导定语从句时,从句前应有一个表示地点的名词作先行词;而状语从句前则无先行词。

  原因状语从句

  引导词:because, since,as, now that, not that…, but that…, seeing that, considering that, in that

  注意:for也可以表示原因,属并列连词,但不是说明直接原因,而是对某种情况加以推断,用于表示补充说明理由。

  目的状语从句

  引导词:so, so that, in order that, that, to the end that(以便,为了),in case,for fear that,lest(以免,以防),目的状语从句中通常有情态动词can,could,may,might,should,would等。

  注意:1、in case 还可表示“万一,假如”。

  2、目的状语从句可以用so as to, in order to 等不定式代替,但主句和从句的主语必须一致。

  结果状语从句

  引导词:so...that(如此……以至于……),such...that(如此……以至于……),so that(结果是),with the result that(所以,结果是)

  注意:(1)so...that与such...that的区别

  So+形容词such+a/an+形容词+单数名词

  So+形容词+a/an+单数名词such+形容词+复数名词

  So+副词such+形容词+不可数名词

  So many/few+复数名词

  So much/little+不可数名词

  (2)so that引导的目的状语从句与so that 引导的结果状语从句

  目的状语从句一般使用情态动词,结果状语从句一般不使用情态动词;

  结果状语从句常常用逗号与主句分开。

  (3)so...that与so...as;such...that与such...as

  So...that/such...that为结果状语从句;so...as/such...as为定语从句。

  条件状语从句

  引导词:if(如果),unless(除非),if only(只要,但愿),only if(只有),in case(万一),suppose/supposing(that)

  (假设),provided/providing(that)(只要,假若),on condition that(要是,在……条件下),so/as long as(只要),(lets/let us)say(假设)

  方式状语从句

  引导词:as(像……一样,正如……),as if/as though(好像,宛如)

  注意:1、固定句型A is to B what C is to D.意为“A对B而言正如C对D一样”。

  2、as if, as though引导的从句若与事实相反,用虚拟语气;若与事实相符,不用虚拟语气。

  让步状语从句

  引导词:though/although/as(虽然,尽管),even if/though(即使,尽管),whether/no matter whether...or(not)

  (不管……是否,不管是……还是)wh-ever/no matter wh-(无论……)

  注意:(1)though,although,as的区别

  A、Though,although的主句中可以用yet, still, nevertheless,但不可使用but。

  B、though引导的从句可以倒装,也可以不倒装;as引导的从句必须倒装;although引导的从句不能倒装。

  其结构为:形容词/分词/副词/动词原形/名词(无冠词)+as/though+主语+谓语……

  (2)though可用作副词,放在句末,意为“不过,但是”。Although无此用法。

  (3)某些短语也引导让步的从句或短语,意为“尽管”,如:in spite of the fact that, despite the fact that, regardless of(the fact that)

  比较状语从句

  引导词:as...as(和……一样),not as/so...as(和……不一样),than(比),the more...the more...(越……越……)

  状语从句中的省略问题

  1、在状语从句中如果主语与主句的主语一致,同时从句中又含有系动词be,则通常可省去从句的主语和系动词be,留下其余部分。

  2、若状语从句中主语是it, 动词是系动词be, 则通常可省去主语it及系动词be,留下其余部分。

  实用语法总结之状语从句

  状语从句有时间、地点、原因、目的、方式、结果、条件、让步等八种。

  一、时间状语从句

  引导词有after,before,as,once,since,till,until,when,whenever,while,as soon as,the moment/minute…(一…就),the time,the day,every time,next time,each time,by the time of,no sooner…than(一…就),hardly…when(一…就)。例如:

  Each/Every time he comes here,he will drop in on me.

  每次他来这儿他都顺便看我。

  He was ill last time I saw him.上次我见到他时他病了。

  No sooner had she heard the news than she cried.她一听到这个消息就哭了.

  【辨析】when与while

  when引导的从句动词可以是延续性的或短暂性的,while引导的从句中动词必须是延续性的;在"be…when…”句式中when表"at that time(就在这时)"意,这样用的when不能换为while;while有时并不表示时间,而表示对比,意“而”、“却”,when无这样的用法。例如:When I got home I found the door locked./While(或When)we were working in the fields,it suddenly began to rain./He was wandering through the streets when a bike hit him./His pencil is red,while mine is yellow.

  【辨析】till与until

  一般情况下可以互换,但until可以位于句首,till则不能。例如:

  Until it stops raining,the children can?t go out.雨停了,孩子们才能出去.

  =Not until the rain stops can the children go out.

  二、地点状语从句

  引导词有where,wherever.例如:

  I?ll go wherever the people want me to go.(wherever=to any place where)

  He works where his grandfather fought.(where=in the place where)

  Where there is a will,there is a way.(Where=In the place where)

  三、原因状语从句

  引导词有because,since,as,now(that)(既然)

  回答以why提出的问题时,只能用because,而不能用as等。

  since=now(that),表“既然”意,表示已知的或明显的原因,由此加以推论。例如:

  Now that/Since you are free today,you may have a rest at home or go out for a walk.

  for 是一个并列连词,用来连接两个并列句,引导的句子是对前面一句话的内容的推测或补充说明。例如:It must have rained last night,for the ground is wet./The day has broken,for the birds are singing.(这两句中的for都不可换为because或as,since等。)

  四、目的状语

  引导词有so that,in order that,that ,incase(免得,以防)。目的状语从句谓语常含有can/could/may/might/will/would等情态动词。例如:

  He ran as fast as possible in order that he could catch the bus./Please remind me of it again tomorrow in case I forget.请明天再提醒我一下,以免我忘记。

  五、方式(或比较)状语从句

  引导词有as,as if,as though,than,as/so…as,the more…the more.例如:

  Tom is not so/as tall as John./It looks as if it is going to rain./He runs faster than I.

  注:as…as既可用于肯定句,又可用于否定句,so…as只能用于否定句。

  六、结果状语从句

  引导词有so…that,such…that,so that.例如:

  1. He works so hard that he makes great progress in his studies.

  2. It?s such a difficult problem that nobody can work it out.

  3. There?s not any noise here so that I feel very comfortable.

  第3个例句中so that从句不是目的状语从句,从结构上看没有can,may等情态动词,从意思上看I feel very comfortalbe是There is not any noise的结果.

  七、条件状语从句

  引导词有if,unless,as/so long as,on condition that,in case(如果)等,从句的时态用一般现在时(含现在完成时),一般过去时(含过去完成时)分别代替一般将来时和过去将来时。例如:

  If it rains tomorrow,I won?t go there./He said he would not go back home unless he had achieved a lot./I?ll study so long as. I?m alive./In case he come,let me know.如果他来的话,告诉我一声。

  If 引导的条件句可以是真实性条件句,也可以是非真实性条件句、(用于虚拟语气)

  八、让步状语从句

  引导词有though,although,even if,even though,as,whoever,whatever,however,no matter+what/who/when/…等。例如:

  Though/Although he is ill,he still goes to school./She started her experiment,even though she had little money./Whatever you found,you must turn it in./However hard he worked,he hardly made any progress.

  as 作“尽管”意时,一般将其句中的表语放在句首,例如:Young as he is,he knows a lot.=Although he is young,he knows a lot.若表语为名词,冠词要省略,例如:

  Child as/though he is,he has remembered a lot of English words.(此句中though不可换为although)

  although或though不能与but同时出现在一个复合句中,但是"Although/Though…,(and)yet…”句式却是正确的。例如:

  Although it is raining heavily,yet they are repairing the bridge.

  主语从句

  主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句,通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。

  1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较

  It 作形式主语代替主语从句,主要是为了平衡句子结构,主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调的是什么成分,都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如:

  It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.

  It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.

  It is in the morning that the murder took place.

  It is John that broke the window.

  2. 用it 作形式主语的结构

  (1) It is +名词+从句

  It is a fact that … 事实是…

  It is an honor that …非常荣幸

  It is common knowledge that …是常识

  (2) it is +形容词+从句

  It is natural that… 很自然…

  It is strange that… 奇怪的是…

  (3) it is +不及物动词+从句

  It seems that… 似乎…

  It happened that… 碰巧…

  (4) it +过去分词+从句

  It is reported that… 据报道…

  It has been proved that… 已证实…

  3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况

  (1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。

  (2) It is said , (reported) …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:

  It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right)

  That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong)

  (3) It happens…, It occurs… 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:

  It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (right)

  That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (wrong)

  (4) It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:

  It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. (right)

  Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. (wrong)

  (5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时,主语从句不可提前。例如:

  Is it likely that it will rain in the evening(right)

  Is that will rain in the evening likely(wrong)

  4. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别

  What 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语.宾语.表语,而that 则不然。例如:

  1) What you said yesterday is right.

  2) That she is still alive is a consolation.

  宾语从句

  宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句,通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。

  1. 作动词的宾语

  (1) 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略),例如:

  I heard that be joined the army.

  (2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句,例如:

  1) She did not know what had happened.

  2) I wonder whether you can change this note for me.

  (3) 动词+间接宾语+宾语从句。例如:

  She told me that she would accept my invitation.

  2. 作介词的宾语

  例如:Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.

  3. 作形容词的宾语

  例如:I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake.

  That 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语:

  Anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。

  4. It 可以作为形式宾语

  It 不仅可以作为形式主语,还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾,特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如:

  We heard it that she would get married next month..

  5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词

  这类动词有Allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语,但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。例如:

  I admire their winning the match. (right)

  I admire that they won the match. (wrong)

  6. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词

  有些动词不可用于“动词+间接宾语+that从句“结构中,常见的有Envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如:

  He impressed the manager as an honest man. (right)

  He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. (wrong)

  7. 否定的转移

  若主句谓语动词为Think, consider, wuppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等,其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义,一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上,从句谓语用肯定式。例如:

  I don’t think this dress fits you well.(我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。)

  表语从句

  表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句,放在系动词之后,一般结构是“主语+连系动词+表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外,常用的还有the reason is that… 和It is because 等结构。例如:

  1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.

  2) This is why we can’t get the support of the people

  3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.

  4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.

  同位语从句

  同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。

  1. 同位语从句的功能

  同位语从句对于名词进一步解释,说明名词的具体内容,一般由that引导,例如:

  1) The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.

  2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.

  2. 同位语在句子中的位置

  同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面,而是被别的词隔开。例如:

  He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.

  3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别

  (1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词,同时以在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾语),而同位语从句中的that是连词,只起连接主句与从句的作用,不充当句中任何成分。

  (2) 定语从句是形容词性的,其功能是修饰先行词,对先行词加以限定,描述定的性质或特征;同位语从句是名词性的,其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如:

  1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.(他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。)(第一个that引导的从句是定语从句,that在从句中作宾语)

  2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.(汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。)(同位语从句,that在句中不作任何成分)

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