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托福阅读素材之信息安全
同学们在备考托福阅读的时候，大量的练习和阅读量是必不可少的。下面yjbys网小编为大家带来关于信息安全类的托福阅读素材，希望能有所帮助哦!
托福阅读素材之信息安全1
关于信息安全类的托福阅读素材
Today, tracking consumers is far more intrusive than the public realizes. For example, the top 50 websites in the US on average installed 64 pieces of tracking technology onto the computers of visitors, usually with no warning.
现如今，追踪技术的植入程度已经远超社会大众的想象。例如，全美最大的50家网站平均在访问者的电脑上安装了64种追踪技术，而且通常都没有任何警告。
The "cookie"- a tiny text file put on your PC by websites or marketing firms which might be used to remember your preferences for one site,or to track you across many sites-is already old news. There are new and more complex tools such as "beacons" which scan in real time what people are doing on a webpage. These beacons instantly assess the Internet user's location, income, shopping interests and even medical conditions.
过去，网站或营销公司会在你的电脑上安装一个小文本(cookie)，用来记录你对一个网站的喜好，或者跟踪你访问各个网站的情况。但如今，像beacon这种更新颖、更复杂的.软件可以在人们浏览网页时进行实时扫描，然后立即对用户的地址、收入、购物兴趣，甚至医疗条件等因素进行评估。
Tracking files get onto websites and are downloaded to a computer, in several ways. Often, companies simply pay sites to distribute their tracking files. But tracking companies sometimes hide their files within free software offered to websites, or hide them within other tracking files or ads. When this happens, websites aren't always aware that they're installing the files on visitors' computers.
网站安装、下载追踪文件的方式多种多样。通常，公司付费给网站来发布他们的追踪文件。但是，追踪公司偶尔也会将文件隐藏在网站上的免费软件或其他追踪文件或广告中。这种情况下，网站本身也不清楚他们在用户电脑上安装了追踪文件。
Tracking companies are often staffed by math gurus with expertise in quantitative analysis. Some use probability algorithms to try to pair what they know about a person's online behavior with data from offline sources about household income, geography and education, among other things.
追踪公司的员工多为精通定量分析的数学专家。他们通过使用几率算法，根据了解到的用户的线上行为来推算线下资料，比如家庭收入、所在地和教育程度等。
Personal data gathered from such tracking is now bought and sold on stock market-like exchanges.
通过此种追踪手段收集来的个人信息会在交易所等证券市场进行买卖交易。
The new technology is now exerting a profound impact on the Internet industry, especially on how retailers locate and sell to their customers. Millions of Internet users around the world also face unprecedented threats. Private, sensitive, personal and business information is being gathered and sold without their knowledge.
这项新技术已经对时下的互联网行业产生了巨大影响，尤其是对零售商寻找潜在用户、销售商品而言更是如此。与此同时，这对世界各地数百万的互联网用户们来说也是个前所未有的威胁。他们的私人、敏感甚至商业信息都在不知不觉中被收集和出售。
Companies insist the information they gather is anonymous and the data is used harmlessly. But the technology has grown so powerful and evasive that even some of the biggest websites in the US don't know that they were installing intrusive files on visitors' computers. These include MSN.com and Yahoo.com.
对此，追踪公司表示，他们是以匿名的方式收集此类信息，而且这些信息的使用对用户无害。但是，追踪技术成长得如此强大，使用如此隐秘，就连美国最大的一些网站也不知道自己在用户电脑上安装了入侵文件。这其中就包括MSN网和Yahoo网。
Next time you visit a webpage and find an ad banner advertising something you've been planning to buy, don't be amazed that your computer can read your mind.
所以，下次浏览网页的时候如果发现有广告向你推荐商品，而这些商品恰恰是你最近想买的东西时，千万别惊叹什么“电脑居然能读懂我的心”啦。
托福阅读素材之信息安全2
A great way to get to know someone better is to say something that makes them laugh.
想要更好地了解别人，一个好办法就是说些能让他们发笑的事。
Sharing a few good giggles and chuckles makes people more willing to tell others something personal about themselves, without even necessarily being aware that they are doing so, suggests new research.
新研究显示，分享一些好笑的事会让人更乐意告诉别人自己的私事，甚至当他们这样做的时候，也根本不会意识到这一点。
Alan Gray of University College London discovered the tidbit in a new study recently published in the journal Human Nature.
英国伦敦大学学院(University College London)的艾伦格雷(Alan Gray)在研究中发现了这一有趣的现象。最近，他的这项研究成果发表在了《人类天性》(Human Nature)杂志上。
According to Gray, the act of verbally opening up to someone is a crucial building block that helps to form new relationships and intensify social bonds.
格雷认为，用言语向他人敞开心扉的行为是帮助人们建立新关系，增强人与人之间社会联系的重要基本要素。
Such self-disclosure can be of a highly sensitive nature — like sharing one’s religious convictions or personal fears — or a superficial tidbit such as one’s favorite type of food.
自我表露的过程具有高度敏感性——好比分享宗教信仰或者害怕之物——或者只是一个流于表面的趣闻，比如最爱的.食物类型。
To investigate the role and influence of laughter in this disclosure process, Gray and his colleagues gathered 112 students from Oxford University in England, into groups of four.
为了调查笑声在自我表露过程中扮演的角色和产生的影响，格雷和他的同事从英国牛津大学(Oxford University)召集了112个学生，并把他们分为四组。
The students did not know one another. The groups watched a 10-minute video together, without chatting to one another.
学生们彼此都不认识。每组会坐在一起看一个10分钟的视频，期间并无交谈。
The videos differed in the amount of laughter they invoked, and the amount of positive feelings or emotions they elicited.
视频的区别在于，引人发笑的频率和传达积极情绪或情感的效力各有不同。
One featured a stand-up comedy routine by Michael McIntyre, another a straightforward golf instruction video, and the third a pleasant nature excerpt from the “Jungles” episode of the BBC’s Planet Earth series.
一个视频是迈克尔麦金太尔(Michael McIntyre)的单人喜剧秀，一个是简短的高尔夫教学片，第三个是从《BBC行星地球系列》(BBC’s Planet Earth series)“丛林”(Jungles)一集里节选的一个令人愉悦的自然片段。
The levels of laughter and the participants’ emotional state after watching the video was the
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