英译汉的方法和技巧

时间：2025-02-10 11:19:40 晓凤翻译资格我要投稿

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英译汉常用的方法和技巧

　　英译汉常用的方法和技巧，由应届毕业生培训网整理而成，谢谢您的阅读，祝您阅读愉快。

　　一、词义的选择、引申和褒贬

　　1.一词多义(Polysemy)

　　regular

　　regular reading / regular job / regular flight / regular visitor / regular speed / regular army / gasoline

　　delicate

　　delicate skin / porcelain / upbringing / living / health / stomach / vase / diplomatic question / difference / surgical operation / ear for music / sense of smell / touch / food

　　2.注意有线词的词义

　　He once again imparted to us his great knowledge, experience and wisdom.

　　He now saw plainly the meaning of all. In the beginning, he had got a job the first day; but now he was second-hand, a damaged article, and they did not want him. They had got the best out of him, and now they had thrown him away. The situation had now become desperate. Then came another incident.

　　3.词义的引申(Extension or Generalization)

　　1) Extend the word meaning to cover an abstraction concept

　　His novel is a mirror of the times.

　　The OED is the final court of appeal in all matters concerning English words.

　　Sam knows he can depend on his family, rain or shine.

　　2) Extend the word meaning to cover a specific concept

　　In two years, he was a national phenomenon.

　　Public opinion is demanding more and more that something be done about noise.

　　Mary’s father, by his first marriage, had a daughter, Jane, Mary’s half-sister.

　　4.词义的褒贬(Commendatory and Derogatory)

　　The reckless driver died in the traffic accident.

　　Poor Joe’s panic lasted for two or three days; during which he did not visit the house.

　　It was time to hold a court and the subject for discussion was the future of that prisoner.

　　John was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well.

　　The invaders met a stubborn resistance from the local people.

　　She was vexed by the persistent ringing of the phone.

　　5.Exercises

　　I have no opinion of that sort of man.

　　She put five dollars into my hand. “You have been a great man today.”

　　I’m afraid you’re being too particular about your food.

　　I was the youngest son, and the youngest but two.

　　The picture flattered her.

　　The country not agreeing with her, she returned to England.

　　二、词类转译法

　　(一)转译成动词

　　(1)名词转译动词(Convert nouns into verbs)

　　My admiration for him grew more.

　　He said he did not know whether Tom was ready for a showdown.

　　To some extent it gets into the question of the chicken or the egg.

　　The Nobel prizes in physics and chemistry were rewarded to Americans, giving the U.S. a clean sweep of all the 1976 Nobel prizes in the sciences.

　　Television is the transmission and reception of image of moving objects by radio waves.

　　In the absence of friction, the vehicle could not even be started.

　　Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources.

　　I am no drinker, nor smoker.

　　The application of electronic computers makes a tremendous rise in labor productivity.

　　(2)介词转译成动词(Convert prepositions into verbs)

　　There are many substances through which electric currents will not flow at all.

　　We are fortunate in our opponent.

　　Captain Ford was between the sheets by 9 last night.

　　The most he is after at this time is a chance to get more money.

　　I tried to talk him out of the idea, but he was unpleasant.

　　Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty.

　　“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.

　　(3)形容词转译成动词(Convert adjectives into verbs)

　　He said the meeting was informative.

　　They were news-hungry.

　　It was a very informative meeting.

　　(4)副词转译成动词(Convert adverbs into verbs)

　　The experiment in chemistry was ten minutes behind.

　　It has snowed over.

　　Why should we let in foreign goods when Americans walk the streets because they can’t sell their own goods?

　　(二)转译成名词

　　(1)动词转译成名词(Convert verbs into nouns)

　　She knows what’s what.

　　They thought differently.

　　TV differs from radio in that it sends and receives pictures.

　　The computer is chiefly characterized by its accurate and rapid computations.

　　He roared, which threatened his enemies away.

　　The man I saw at the party looked and talked like an American.

　　(2)形容词转译成名词

　　The new treaty would be good for ten years.

　　The language of the poem is colloquial, yet it’s deep in its understanding of human emotions.

　　Then the monkeys were trained according to different plans so as to make them highly individualized.

　　Everyday experience shows us that heavy objects are more stable than light ones.

　　(三)转译成形容词

　　名词转译成形容词

　　Their physical experiment was a success.

　　The nuclear power system designed in China is of great precision.

　　Said a New York bullion trader, “The market’s gone banana.”

　　He found on this issue, as on Taiwan, an identity of approach.

　　In Europe, his name was well known, if not a household word.

　　(四)其他词类转译

　　副词转译成名词

　　The air-conditioning unit is shown schematically on Page 2.

　　Oxygen is one of the important elements in the physical world, it is very active chemically.

　　The image must be dimensionally correct.

　　三、被动语态的译法

　　(一)大量的英语被动句要化成汉语的主动句

　　1. He said the pact had now been reduced to less than a shadow.

　　2. She had no knowledge of this and had not been consulted on these reported plans.

　　3. What has just been written runs the risk of oversimplification.

　　4. Many voices have been raised demanding the setting up of an Arab common market.

　　(二)以by为着眼点，进行多种译文

　　1. But real influence is not built up by striking attitude or by throwing insults.

　　2. Its sincerity is illustrated not only by its proposal but also by its deeds.

　　3. What I like best are the stern cliffs, with ranges of mountains soaring behind them, full of possibilities, peaks to be scaled only by the most daring.

　　4. Many expect that he will be outed by one of his rivals.

　　5. He said he was assured by the State Department that the U.S. is willing to normalize relations with his country.

　　(三)“it + be + p.p. + that clause”的句型，常以下列形式表达

　　1. It should be noted that he and she were academically more than just friends.

　　2. It should be understood that to err is human.

　　(四)汉译中需用被动式时，也最好多找一些字眼来取代“被”字

　　1. The visitor was flattered and impressed.

　　2. Everybody was fed up with her gossip.

　　3. He was set upon by two naked men.

　　4. If the expenditure is really necessary, the money can be found somehow.

　　5. He was released immediately after Batista fled Cuba.

　　四、增词法

　　(一)名词、动名词前增补动词

　　1. We often go to the school-run factory for labor.

　　2. Testing is a complicated problem and long experience is required for its mastery.

　　(二)英语抽象名词的翻译

　　1. He was still reluctant to talk substance.

　　2. Many changes take place during the transformation.

　　3. Her indifference kept all the visitors away from the exhibition hall.

　　4. From the evaporation of water people know that liquid can turn into gases under certain conditions.

　　(三)将具体形象的词译成该形象所具有的属性和特征，这是一种引申，需增词

　　1. It was a Godsend to him.

　　2. If you dare to play the fox with me, I’ll shoot you at once.

　　(四)增添“概括”性的词

　　1. He had slept there before, in July and again in October.

　　2. Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed health.

　　3. The government is doing its best to ease the tension in that area.

　　4. Proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.

　　5. This report summed up the achievements in technology and education.

　　(五)英文中为避免重复而省略之词，汉译时需补上，作必要的重复

　　1. I hope that the meeting will not be too long, for it will only waste time.

　　(六)汉译文根据原文意思增加一些必要的解释性文字

　　1. And he launched into a speech, eloquently advocating his university of the future.

　　2. Those were the words that were to make the world blossom for, “like Aaron’s rod, with flowers”.

　　(七)增补量词

　　1. Repeat the experiment using a wooden ruler, a piece of glass, a metal spoon, a coin, a piece of paper, a pin, a plastic comb, a key, a pencil, a tin lid and a rubber eraser.

　　2. On April 24th 1970, China successfully launched its first man-made earth satellite.

　　(八)增补表示复数含义的词

　　1. But that the old workers helped us, we should have failed.

　　2. The moving parts of a machine are often oiled so that friction may be greatly reduced.

　　考研英译汉复习方法及解题技巧

　　1) 略读全文

　　在翻译过程中，理解是表达的前提，因此，首先要略读全文，从整体上把握整篇文章的内容，并理解划线部分与文章其他部分之间的语法及逻辑关系。

　　2) 分析划线部分

　　划线部分一般来说句子结构都比较复杂，如果高不清楚句子结构，很难做出正确的翻译。分析划线句子结构时，要注意分清主从句，哪是句子的主干。其次，要理解划线句子的意义，不仅要弄清句子表面的意义，还要理解在特定的语言环境中的意义。也要特别注意句子中的代词和所指代的意义。另外，要注意句子中包含的短语和固定结构，这也往往是考点。

　　3) 翻译

　　正确理解原文后，接下来就是翻译。关键是综合运用各种翻译方法将英文的原意忠实的表达出来。关于翻译，有直译和意译两种方法，只是我们很多人都没有理解直译和意译的区别，从以上所谈的英汉区别可知，不可能存在绝对的直译，因为毕竟两种语言相差太大，任何直译都是经过一定变通之后的直译，但有的人以为这便是意译是错误的，意译一般在文学翻译中才会出现。要做好翻译，关键要有正确的翻译意识，前面所说的技巧是必须用的，把握了这一点，也就具备了做好英语翻译题的前提。

　　主要有如下翻译技巧。

　　1)分译法。翻译部分句子，大多为复杂从句，而汉语中没有与之一一对应的从句，因此，要翻译出来让人看懂，就必须将其拆开，分译成各个单句。

　　转译法。很多被动语态如果机械的翻成被动语态，可能会让人看了觉得别扭，因此需要转为主动态。此外，还有否定转译等各种情况。

　　2. 添减词法。由于英汉两种语言的差异，在英文看上去比较正常的句子，译成汉语时，如果不或增或减一些词可能无法把英文的原意表达出来，这样就需要适当地运用添减词法。

　　3. 单复数译法。单复数要译出。

　　4. 时态的译法。英语中有专门表示时态的句子成分，而汉语则没有，因此，有时必须加一些表时间的副词，如“着，了，在“等。

　　5. 代词的译法。代词一般需要转译成名词，即把其所指代的意义译出。

　　6. 人名地名的译法。知道的可以译出来，不知道就保持原文。

　　4)校核

　　校核主要有三方面：一是检查译文是否忠实于原文。通过把译文和原文对照比较往往能发现问题;二是检查译文本身是否通顺或表达清楚。三是检查译文是否有笔误，是否有漏译词，是否有代词未转译，时态是否译出，数字、日期是否译错，标点符号是否用错等。

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