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考研英语专项训练题及答案（通用5套）
在各领域中，许多人都需要跟练习题打交道，做习题可以检查我们学习的效果。学习的目的就是要掌握由概念原理所构成的知识，一份好的习题都是什么样子的呢？下面是小编为大家收集的考研英语专项训练题及答案，希望对大家有所帮助。
考研英语专项训练题及答案 1
Although recent years have seen substantial reductions in noxious pollutants from individual motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles has been steadily increasing. Consequently, more than 100 cities in the United States still have levels of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and ozone (generated by photochemical reactions with hydrocarbons from vehicle exhaust) that exceed legally established limits. There is a growing realization that the only effective way to achieve further reductions in vehicle emissions — short of a massive shift away from the private automobile — is to replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline with cleaner-burning fuels such as compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, or methanol.
All of these alternatives are carbon-based fuels whose molecules are smaller and simpler than those of gasoline. These molecules burn more cleanly than gasoline, in part because they have fewer, if any, carbon-carbon bonds and the hydrocarbons they do emit are less likely to generate ozone. The combustion of larger molecules, which have multiple carbon-carbon bonds involves a more complex series of reactions. These reactions increase the probability of incomplete combustion and are more likely to release uncombusted and photochemically active hydrocarbon compounds into the atmosphere. On the other hand, alternative fuels do have drawbacks. Compressed natural gas would require that vehicles have set of heavy fuel tanks — a serious liability in terms of performance and fuel efficiency — and liquefied petroleum gas faces fundamental limits on supply.
Ethanol and methanol, on the other hand, have important advantages over other carbon-based alternative fuels: they have higher energy content per volume and would require minimal changes in the existing network for distributing motor fuel. Ethanol is commonly used as a gasoline supplement, but it is currently about twice as expensive as methanol, the low cost of which is one of its attractive features. Methanol’s most attractive feature, however, is that it can reduce by about 90 percent the vehicle emissions that form ozone, the most serious urban air pollutant.
Like any alternative fuel, methanol has its critics. Yet much of the criticism is based on the use of “gasoline clone” vehicles that do not incorporate even the simplest design improvements that are made possible with the use of methanol. It is true, for example, that a given volume of methanol provides only about one-half of the energy that gasoline and diesel fuel do; other things being equal, the fuel tank would have to be somewhat larger and heavier. However, since methanol-fueled vehicles could be designed to be much more efficient than “gasoline clone” vehicles fueled with methanol they would need comparatively less fuel. Vehicles incorporating only the simplest of the engine improvements that methanol makes feasible would still contribute to an immediate lessening of urban air pollution.
1. The author of the text is primarily concerned with
[A] countering a flawed argument that dismisses a possible solution to a problem.
[B] reconciling contradictory points of view about the nature of a problem.
[C] identifying the strengths of possible solutions to a problem.
[D] discussing a problem and arguing in favor of one solution to it.
2. According to the text, incomplete combustion is more likely to occur with gasoline than with an alternative fuel because
[A] the combustion of gasoline releases photochemically active hydrocarbons.
[B] the combustion of gasoline embraces an intricate set of reactions.
[C] gasoline molecules have a simple molecular structure.
[D] gasoline is composed of small molecules.
3. The text suggests which of the following about air pollution?
[A] Further attempts to reduce emissions from gasoline-fueled vehicles will not help lower urban air-pollution levels.
[B] Attempts to reduce the pollutants that an individual gasoline-fueled vehicle emits have been largely unsuccessful.
[C] Few serious attempts have been made to reduce the amount of pollutants emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles.
[D] Pollutants emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles are not the most critical source of urban air pollution.
4. Which of the following most closely parallels the situation described in the first sentence of the text?
[A] Although a town reduces its public services in order to avoid a tax increase, the town’s tax rate exceeds that of other towns in the surrounding area.
[B] Although a state passes strict laws to limit the type of toxic material that can be disposed of in public landfills, illegal dumping continues to increase.
[C] Although a town’s citizens reduce their individual use of water, the town’s water supplies continue to dwindle because of a steady increase in the total populating of the town.
[D] Although a country attempts to increase the sale of domestic goods by adding a tax to the price of imported goods, the sale of imported goods within the country continues to increase.
5. It can be inferred that the author of the text most likely regards the criticism of methanol as
[A] flawed because of the assumptions on which it is based.
[B] inapplicable because of an inconsistency in the critics’ arguments.
[C] misguided because of its exclusively technological focus.
[D] inaccurate because it ignores consumers’ concerns.
[答案与考点解析]
1. 【答案】C
【考点解析】这是一道中心主旨题。本文的中心主旨句是首段的尾句。通过对首段尾句以及其它段落主题句的阅读和理解，可以推导出本题的正确选项是C。考生在破解此类题型时一定要首先抓住原文的中心主旨句以及各段的主题句。
2. 【答案】B
【考点解析】本题是一道指代词题型。根据题干中的“incomplete combustion”可将本题的答案信息来源迅速确定在第二段的第四句，该句中的指代词“these”暗示本题的具体答案信息来源应该在第二段的第三句。通过阅读和理解第二段的第三句可推导出本题的正确选项是B。考生在解题时对指代词一定要认真理解。
3. 【答案】A
【考点解析】本题是一道审题定位题型。通过题干中的“air pollution”可将本题的答案信息来源迅速确定在第一段，因为第一段首句中含有“noxious pollutants”，都在谈污染的问题。通过阅读和理解第一段，尤其是第一段尾句即全文的中心主旨句，可推导出本题的正确选项是A。这是一道比较难的题。考生在解题时一定要具备审题定位能力，还要具备归纳和推导能力。
4. 【答案】C
【考点解析】这是一道类比题型，因为本题题干中含有“parallels”(与……相当，与……一样)一词。本题题干已将类比的参照对象确定在第一段的首句。通过仔细阅读和理解第一段的首句，可推导出本题的正确选项是C，因为该选项涉及的增减关系的前提条件和原文一脉相承。考生在破解这种题型时应对原文所表达的内容与关系有明确的认识和把握，不可以无根据地推导。
5. 【答案】A
【考点解析】这是一道细节推导题型。本题题干中的“the criticism of methanol”把本题的答案信息来源确定在第四段的第一、二句。通过阅读和理解这两句话，尤其是第二句话，就可推导出本题的.正确选项A。考生在破解本题时一定要注意第二句话的第一个词“Yet”在语意上所起的作用。考生在解题时一定要重视启承转合词的出现和功能。
[参考译文]
近年来，尽管单个机动车辆排放的有毒污染物已大幅减少，但这些机动车辆的数量一直在持续增长，结果是，在美国有100多个城市的大气中一氧化碳、灰尘和臭氧(由车辆尾气中的碳氢化合物经光化反应产生)的含量已超出了法定的限度。人们愈来愈认识到，实现车辆废气进一步减少而又不必大规模减少私家轿车的唯一有效途径是用清洁燃料来代替传统的柴油和汽油燃料。这些清洁燃料包括压缩天然气、液化石油气、乙醇和甲醇。
所有这些替代产品都是碳基燃料，不过它们的分子要比汽油的分子小且简单。它们可以比汽油燃烧得更彻底，部分原因在于，即使它们含有碳—碳化学键，含量也较少，而且它们释放的碳氢化合物也不大可能产生臭氧。那些具有多重碳——碳化学键的大分子在燃烧时包含了一系列复杂的反应。这些反应增大了不完全燃烧的可能，并且更容易释放未燃烧的碳氢化合物，而这些化合物又对光化学反应很活跃。另一方面，这些替代燃料也有自己的缺点。压缩天然气可能需要车辆配备一个笨重的油箱，这对车辆性能和燃料效率又极为不利，并且液化石油气还面临着供应上的根本限制。
从另一方面来看，甲醇和乙醇与其它的碳基替代燃料相比有重要的益处：它们具有单位体积更高的能量含量，而且对现存的燃料销售网络只需很小地改变。乙醇通常作为汽油的替代品，但目前它比甲醇要贵两倍，因此甲醇的低廉价格便成为引人注目的特点。然而，甲醇最吸引人的特点还在于它可以减少90%形成臭氧的废气，而臭氧又是城市中最严重的污染物。
和其它的替代燃料一样，甲醇也遭到了非难。可大多数批评都建立在使用“汽油系列”的车辆不进行最简单的设计改进以可能使用甲醇燃料的基础上。例如，事实上一定体积的甲醇和同体积的汽油和柴油相比，只能提供相当于它们大约一半的能量。在其它因素相同的条件下，油箱可能要大一点和重一点，然而，由于甲醇燃料的车辆可以设计得比使用甲醇的“汽油系列”车辆还要高效，它们可能需要更少的燃料。同时，对发动机进行最简单的改进便可使用甲醇的车辆，这将对城市大气污染的迅速减轻做出贡献。
考研英语专项训练题及答案 2
One of the simplest and best known kinds of crystal is the ionic salt, of which a typical example is sodium chloride, or ordinary table salt. The fundamental components of an ionic salt are ions: atoms or molecules that have become electrically charged by gaining or losing one more electrons. In forming sodium chloride, for example, sodium atoms give up an electron (thereby becoming positively charged) and chlorine atoms gain an electron (thereby becoming negatively charged). The ions are attracted to one another by their opposite charges, and they stack together compactly, like tightly packed spheres.
Recently, scientists at Michigan State University created a new kind of crystal called an electride. In electrides, the anions (negative ions) are completely replaced by electrons, which are trapped in naturally formed cavities within a framework of regularly stacked cations (positive ions). Electrides are the first examples of ionic salts in which all these anionic sites are occupied solely by electrons.
Unlike other types of anions, anionic electrons do not behave as if they were simple charged spheres. In particular, because of their low mass and their tendency to interact with one another over great distances, they cannot be “pinned down” to any one location. Instead, they wander close to and among the atoms lining the cavity and interact with electrons in nearby cavities, perhaps changing places with them.
The properties of an electride depend largely on the distance between the cavities that hold trapped electrons. When the trapped electrons are far apart, they do not interact strongly, and so behave somewhat like an array of isolated negative charges. When they are closer together, they begin to display properties associated with large ensembles of identical particles. When they are still closer, the ensemble properties dominate and the electrons “delocalize”: they are no longer tightly bound within individual cavities but are more or less free to pass through the spaces within the framework of positive ions.
By synthesizing electrides from a variety of materials, one can vary the geometry of the anionic cavities and their relation to the surrounding cations. The resulting properties may make it possible for electrides to become a basis for economically useful new materials and devices. For instance, because the electrons in some electrides are very weakly bound, these crystals could be effective as photosensitive detectors, in which an impinging photon liberates an electron, resulting in a small electric current. The same weak binding could also make electrides useful in solar energy converters and as cathodes in batteries. One obstacle is the tendency of electrides to decompose through reaction with air and water. Researchers are seeking ways to increase their stability.
1. The text is primarily concerned with discussing
[A] a way to isolate electrons.
[B] the characteristics of a new kind of crystal.
[C] the structure of an ionic salt.
[D] commercial uses for electrides.
2. In the first paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with
[A] introducing a variant on the standard atomic theory.
[B] describing how chlorine atoms can become negatively charged.
[C] describing some early research at Michigan State University.
[D] providing background for the technical discussion to follow.
3. According to the text, the defining characteristic of an electride is which of the following?
[A] Its positive are of particularly low mass.
[B] Its ions possess identical electrical charges.
[C] It contains a framework of regularly stacked ions.
[D] Its negative ions consist solely of electrons.
4. It can be inferred from the text that anions behaving as “simple charged spheres” (line 2, paragraph 3) could be expected to
[A] readily lose electrons and become positively charged.
[B] move freely in and out of their cavities.
[C] respond to photons by liberating electrons.
[D] remain fixed relative to their cations.
5. With which of the following statements regarding electrides would the author most likely agree?
[A] They have proven themselves to be of great commercial value.
[B] Their future commercial value is promising but uncertain.
[C] They are interesting but of no practical value.
[D] They have commercial value mainly in solar energy applications.
[答案与考点解析]
1. 【答案】B
【考点解析】本题是一道中心主旨题。本文的中心主旨句在第二段的第一句，如果抓住了这句话并且联系每段的中心主旨句，就可得出本题的正确选项B。其实本文第二段就是在讲一种新的晶体的与众不同的“characteristics”(特点)。考生在解题时一定要首先找出全文的中心主旨句，并与上下文联系。
2. 【答案】D
【考点解析】这是一道段落关系题。从第二段到尾段是本文作者阐述其中心思想的段落。在展开中心思想之前，作者为中心思想的展开进行了铺垫(讲述一般晶体的特点)，从而为第二段到尾段的陈述(讲述一种新晶体的特点)提供明确的对比。考生在解题时一定要注意段落之间的关系。
3. 【答案】D
【考点解析】这是一道审题定位题。题干中没有给出明确的审题定位信息。破解此题需要考生平时的阅读积累，这是一道较难的题目。题干中所涉及的是“the defining characteristic of an electride”(电子晶体的特点)。在第二段作者第一次在文章中谈到了“electride”，所以其特点也应该在第二段向读者交待，故本题的答案信息来源应该在第二段。综合第二段第二、三句的内容可推导出本题的正确选项D。考生在解题时一定要具备出色的审题定位能力。
4. 【答案】D
【考点解析】本题是一道句间关系与反推题。题干中的信息以将本题的答案信息确定在第三段。根据第三段所陈述的内容进行反推可得出本题的正确选项D。在进行反推时一定要注意第一句中的“do not behave as if…”以及第二句中的“cannot be pinned down”所起的作用。考生在解题时一定要具备反推即逆向推理的能力。
5. 【答案】B
【考点解析】这是一道审题定位题。本题的题干没有提供任何审题定位的信息。但是善于阅读的考生应该知道每篇文章尾段的重要性。在本题到来之前本文的尾段还没有涉及任何一道题，故考生应该首先从尾段中寻找本题的答案信息。尾段的第二句第四句表明新的晶体在商业方面的可利用性;尾段的第五句表明这种新的晶体的不足之处。可见本题的正确选项应该是B。考生在解题时一定要对文章结构以及出题点有所认识，最好对全文有整体的把握。
[参考译文]
在各种最简单和最常见的晶体中，离子盐是其中一例，它典型的实例就是氯化钠，或普通的食盐。离子盐的基本组成成份便是离子，也就是那些由于得到或失去一个或多个电子而带有电荷的原子或分子。例如，在形成氯化钠的过程中，钠原子释放一个电子(从而带有正电荷)而氯电子得到一个电子(从而带有负电荷)。这些离子由于带有相反的电荷而相互吸引，它们紧密地堆砌在一起就象紧密挤压在一起的`球体。
最近，密西根州立大学的科学家们研制出一种新的被称为电子晶体的晶体。在电子晶体中，阴离子(即带负电荷的离子)全部被电子替代，这些电子被困在自然形成的空穴中，而空穴位于规则堆砌的阳离子(即带正电荷的离子)的框架内。电子晶体是第一种阴离子空间全被电子占据的离子盐。
和其它类型的阴离子不同，作为阴离子的电子不像那些简单的带电球体。特别地，由于它们的质量很小而且有与远距离的离子进行相互作用的倾向，它们不会被固定在任何一个位置。相反，它们会到处游离，或者紧靠那些在空穴边上的原子，或者在这些原子之间游离，并且还和附近空中的电子发生相互作用，甚至于可能与它们交换位置。
电子晶体的特征很大程度上依赖于空穴间的距离，而这些空穴便是容纳被捕获电子的地方。当这些被捕获的电子相距很远时，它们之间的相互作用不强，因而在某种程度上表现为一组相互孤立的负电荷。但当它们间的距离很近时，它们便表现出一些特征来，很像大量相同离子的集合。当它们间的距离更近时，群体集合属性更占主导地位，而且电子也出现“离位”现象：它们不再被束缚于单个的空穴之上，而是或多或少地可以在正离子的构架之间穿越。
通过从不同的材料来合成电子晶体，科学家们可以改变阴离子空穴的几何结构，以及改变它们同周围阴离子之间的关系。这些随之而来的特征使得电子晶体可能成为经济实用的新材料和新设备的基础。例如，由于在某些电子晶体中，电子结合得非常微弱，从而使得这些晶体可以有效地用作光敏探测器。在这种探测器中，一束光子可以释放一个电子，从而形成一股小电流。这种结合微弱的特性同样可使电子晶体对太阳能转换器和电池的阴极很有用。可电子晶体的一个缺陷在于它易于与空气和水发生反应而分解。目前，研究人员正设法寻找提高电子晶体稳定性的方法。
考研英语专项训练题及答案 3
Defenders of special protective labor legislation for women often maintain that eliminating such laws would destroy the fruits of a century-long struggle for the protection of women workers. Even a brief examination of the historic practice of courts and employers would show that the fruit of such laws has been bitter: they are, in practice, more of a curse than a blessing.
Sex-defined protective laws have often been based on stereotypical assumptions concerning women’s needs and abilities and employers have frequently used them as legal excuses for discriminating against women. After the Second World War, for example, businesses and government sought to persuade women to vacate jobs in factories, thus making room in the labor force for returning veterans. The revival or passage of state laws limiting the daily or weekly work hours of women conveniently accomplished this. Employers had only to declare that overtime hours were a necessary condition of employment or promotion in their factory, and women could be quite legally fired, refused jobs, or kept at low wage levels, all in the name of “protecting” their health. By validating such laws when they are challenged by lawsuits, the courts have colluded over the years in establishing different, less advantageous employment terms for women than for men, thus reducing women’s competitiveness on the job market. At the same time, even the most well-intentioned lawmakers, courts, and employers have often been blind to the real needs of women. The lawmakers and the courts continue to permit employers to offer employee health insurance plans that cover all known human medical disabilities except those relating to pregnancy and childbirth.
Finally, labor laws protecting only special groups are often ineffective at protecting the workers who are actually in the workplace. Some chemicals, for example, pose reproductive risks for women of childbearing years: manufacturers using the chemicals comply with laws protecting women against these hazards by refusing to hire them. Thus the sex-defined legislation protects the hypothetical female worker, but has no effect whatever on the safety of any actual employee. The health risks to male employees in such industries cannot be negligible, since chemicals toxic enough to cause birth defects in fetuses or sterility in women are presumably harmful to the human metabolism. Protective laws aimed at changing production materials or techniques in order to reduce such hazards would benefit all employees without discriminating against any.
In sum, protective labor laws for women are discriminatory and do not meet their intended purpose. Legislators should recognize that women are in the work force to stay and that their needs — good health care, a decent wage, and a safe workplace — are the needs of all workers. Laws that ignore these facts violate women’s rights for equal protection in employment.
1. According to the author, which of the following resulted from the passage or revival of state laws limiting the work hours of women workers?
[A] Women workers were compelled to leave their jobs in factories.
[B] Many employers had difficulty in providing jobs for returning veterans.
[C] Many employers found it hard to attract women workers.
[D] The health of most women factory workers improved.
2. The author places the word “protecting” in quotation marks in line 9, paragraph 2 most likely in order to suggest that
[A] she is quoting the actual wording of the laws in question.
[B] the protective nature of the laws in question should not be overlooked.
[C] protecting the health of workers is important to those who support protective labor laws.
[D] the laws in question were really used to the detriment of women workers, despite being overtly protective in intent.
3. The text suggests that which of the following is a shortcoming of protective labor laws that single out a particular group of workers for protection?
[A] Such laws are often too weak to be effective at protecting the group in question.
[B] Such laws are usually drafted by legislators who do not have the best interests of workers at heart.
[C] Such laws exert no pressure on employers to eliminate hazards in the workplace.
[D] Compliance with such laws is often costly for employers and provokes lawsuits by employees claiming discrimination.
4. According to the first paragraph of the text, the author considers which of the following to be most helpful in determining the value of special protective labor legislation for women?
[A] A comparative study of patterns of work-related illnesses in states that had such laws and in states that did not.
[B] An estimate of how many women workers are in favor of such laws.
[C] An analysis of the cost to employers of complying with such laws.
[D] A study of the actual effects that such laws have had in the past on women workers.
5. The author implies that which of the following is characteristic of many employee health insurance plans?
[A] They cover all the common medical conditions affecting men, but only some of those affecting women.
[B] They lack the special provisions for women workers that proposed special labor laws for women would provide.
[C] They pay the medical costs associated with pregnancy and childbirth only for the spouses of male employees, not for female employees.
[D] They meet minimum legal requirements, but do not adequately safeguard the health of either male or female employees.
[答案与考点解析]
1. 【答案】A
【考点解析】这是一道指代词题型。考生可根据题干中的“the passage or revival of state laws limiting the work hours of women workers”将本题迅速定位在第二段的第三句，该句中的指代词“this”暗示本题的正确答案应该在第二段的第二句。这样就可以找出本题的正确答案A。考生在解题时一定要注意指代词。
2. 【答案】D
【考点解析】本题是一道标点符号题。英语作为一种语文，标点符号是非常重要的。在原文中“protecting”一词被打上引号，其含义是“所谓的保护”，作者所表达的真实含义是“没有起到保护作用的保护”。由此可见本题的正确答案应该是D。考生在解题时要重视标点符号，尤其是一些特殊的标点符号。
3. 【答案】C
【考点解析】本题是一道归纳推导题型。考生可根据题干中的“protective labor laws that single out a particular group of workers for protection”将本题的答案信息迅速确定在第三段的第一句，从第三段的内容(尤其是第三段的首尾两句)判断本题的正确答案应该是C。考生在解题时首先要具备审题定位的能力，然后要善于归纳和总结段落的细节信息。
4. 【答案】D
【考点解析】这是一道细节推导题。本题的题干以将本题的答案信息来源确定在第一段，第一段的第二句是本题正确答案D的准确信息来源也是全文的中心主旨句。考生在解题时一定要时时牢记全文的中心主旨句，尤其是在迷失解题思路时。
5. 【答案】A
【考点解析】这是一道细节推导题。根据本题题干中的“employee health insurance plans”可将本题的答案信息来源迅速确定在第二段的尾句，从第二段尾句的内容可判断本题的正确答案应该是A。考生在解题时一定要把审题定位放在第一位。
[参考译文]
妇女劳动特别保护法的辩护者经常坚持认为，废除这种法律就会破坏一个世纪以来为保护妇女工人而斗争的成果。但是，只要对法庭案例和雇主的历史作短暂回顾，就能够发现这些法律的成果是多么的令人不愉快：实际上，这种法律与其说是一件好事，不如说是一种灾祸。
以性别为界限的保护性法律通常是根据有关妇女的需要和能力的陈腐性假想为基础的，而且雇主也经常使用这些法律作为他们歧视妇女的合法借口。例如，第二次世界大战之后，企业和政府都企图说服妇女离开她们的工厂中的工作，从而为回国的老兵们在劳动力市场中空出位子。恢复或通过限制妇女每天或每周工作时间的州法律，很容易地就实现了上述的目标。雇主只需声称超时加班是在他们的工厂进行工作或提升的必要条件，这样妇女就被合法地解雇，被拒绝给予工作或者保持一种较低的工资水平，所有这些都以“保护”妇女健康的名义得以实现。当受到法律诉讼时，法庭在过去数年中一直与雇主合谋共同建立一种男女不同的，对妇女更为不利的雇佣条件，从而降低了妇女在就业市场上的竞争力。同时，即使那些最善意的`立法者、法庭和雇主也经常对妇女的真实需求视而不见。法律制定者和法庭都继续允许雇主向雇员提供这样的健康保险计划，它包含了所有已知的人类疾病，但却未包括那些与怀孕和生育相关的医疗内容。
最后，那些只保护特殊群体的劳动法在保护实际工作中的工人方面经常是无效的。例如，某些化学物质会对怀孕期间的妇女造成生育上的危险。使用这些化学物品的制造商们就会遵守保护妇女避免这些危险的法律而拒绝雇佣她们。因此这种特别界定的法律保护了假设中的妇女工人，但对工人实际的任何安全问题都没有作用。在这些工厂中，对男性工人健康的危险也不能被忽略，既然那些化学毒素能导致胎儿的生育缺陷或使妇女不育，那么推而广之，其必然会对人类的新陈代谢有害。目的在于减少这种危险的保护性法律，会改变生产原料或生产技术，从而给所有雇员带来好处，而又不歧视任何一类雇员。
总而言之，为妇女制定的劳动保护法是带有歧视性的，而且并没达到它们预期的目的。立法者应该认识到，妇女是劳动力的一部分，而且她们的需求(如良好的健康保健，体面的工资收入，以及安全的工作环境)同时也是所有工人的需求。那些忽略这些事实的法律就会破坏妇女在就业中享受平等保护的权利。
考研英语专项训练题及答案 4
As a historian who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past, I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?). I’ve found quite a few, and—since I started posting them on Twitter—they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.
Of course, I need to concede that my collection of ‘Smiling Victorians’ makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, ... How do we explain this trend?
During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, .., and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.
But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.
One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. “Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian saying, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular ‘pearly whites’ was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).
A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class: drunks, tramps and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be “nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”.
31. According to Paragraph 1, the author’s posts on Twitter ______.
A. changed people’s impression of the Victorians
B. highlighted social media’s role in Victorian studies
C. re-evaluated the Victorians’ notion of public image
D. illustrated the development of Victorian photography
32. What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?
A. They are in popular use among historians.
B. They are rare among photographs of that age.
C. They mirror 19th-century social conventions.
D. They show effects of different exposure times.
33. What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?
A. Their inherent social sensitiveness.
B. Their tension before the camera.
C. Their distrust of new inventions.
D. Their unhealthy dental condition.
34. Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was ______.
A. a deep-rooted belief
B. a misguided attitude
C. a controversial view
D. a thought-provoking idea
35. Which of the following questions does the text answer?
A. Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?
B. Why did the Victorians start to view photographs?
C. What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period?
D. How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?
31. 【答案】A(changed people’s impression of the Victorians)
【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干关键词Paragraph 1和the author’s posts on Twitter定位到第一段②句：I’ve found quite a few, and—since I started posting them on Twitter—they have been causing quite a stir。③句进一步解释stir，即People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh。A项changed people’s impression of the Victorians是对该句的概括。所以本题选A。
32. 【答案】B(They are rare among photographs of that age.)
【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干关键词the Victorian portraits he has collected定位到第二段①句中的my collection of ‘Smiling Victorians’ makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900。They are rare among photographs of that age是对makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900的概括总结。所以本题选B。
33. 【答案】D(Their unhealthy dental condition.)
【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干关键词kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s定位到第四段②句Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile。该句指出在19世纪90年代，自然的微笑相对容易捕捉，因此需要寻找其他的`原因。紧接着第五段作出另一种可能的解释，其中第五段②句中的before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene说明了口腔卫生状况常常令人震惊，导致维多利亚人拍照时不露齿笑，对应了Their unhealthy dental condition。所以本题选D。
34. 【答案】A(a deep-root belief)
【解析】本题为例证题。根据题干关键词Mark Twain定位到第六段②句，该句引用了Mark Twain的具体话语。再向前寻找他所要证明的观点，从而定位到第六段①句A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class，即“露齿微笑缺少修养”，这是一种根深蒂固的观念，对应A项a deep-root belief。所以本题选A。
35. 【答案】A(Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?)
【解析】本题为主旨大意题。全文前两段提出维多利亚时代人们拍照时普遍不会微笑这一现象，接下来第三段至第六段分别从曝光时间，牙齿健康状况以及固有观念这三方面分析现象背后的原因，因此A项Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?是对原文主旨的概括。所以本题选A。
考研英语专项训练题及答案 5
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
It’s not difficult to set targets for staff. It is much harder, 1 , to understand their negative consequences. Most work-related behaviors have multiple components. 2 one and the others become distorted.
Travel on a London bus and you’ll 3 see how this works with drivers. Watch people get on and show their tickets. Are they carefully inspected? Never. Do people get on without paying? Of course! Are there inspectors to 4 that people have paid? Possibly, but very few. And people who run for the bus? They are 5 . How about jumping lights? Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.
Why? Because the target is 6 . People complained that buses were late and infrequent. 7 , the number of buses and bus lanes were increased, and drivers were 8 or punished according to the time they took. And drivers hit these targets. But they 9 hit cyclists. If the target was changed to 10 , you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing. If the criterion changed to safety, you would get more 11 drivers who obeyed traffic laws. But both these criteria would be at the expense of time.
There is another 12 : people became immensely inventive in hitting targets. Have you 13 that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time? Tailwinds? Of course not! Airlines have simply changed the time a 14 is meant to take. A one-hour flight is now ballad as a two-hour flight.
The 15 of the story is simple. Most jobs are multidimensional, with multiple criteria. Choose one criterion and you may well 16 others. Everything can be done faster and made cheaper, but there is a 17 . Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences.
This is not an argument against target-setting. But it is an argument for exploring consequences first. All good targets should have multiple criteria 18 critical factors such as time, money, quality and customer feedback. The trick is not only to 19 just one or even two dimensions of the objective, but also to understand how to help people better 20 the objective.
1. [A] therefore [B] however [C] again [D] moreover
2. [A] Emphasize [B] Identify [C] Assess [D] Explain
3. [A] nearly [B] curiously [C] eagerly [D] quickly
4. [A] claim [B] prove [C] check [D] recall
5. [A] threatened [B] ignored [C] mocked [D] blamed
6. [A] punctuality [B] hospitality [C] competition [D] innovation
7. [A] Yet [B] So [C] Besides [D] Still
8. [A] hired [B] trained [C] rewarded [D] grouped
9. [A] only [B] rather [C] once [D] also
10. [A] comfort [B] revenue [C] efficiency [D] security
11. [A] friendly [B] quiet [C] cautious [D] diligent
12. [A] purpose [B] problem [C] prejudice [D] policy
13. [A] reported [B] revealed [C] admitted [D] noticed
14. [A] break [B] trip [C] departure [D] transfer
15. [A] moral [B] background [C] style [D] form
16. [A] interpret [B] criticize [C] sacrifice [D] tolerate
17. [A] task [B] secret [C] product [D] cost
18. [A] leading to [B] calling for [C] relating to [D] accounting for
19. [A] specify [B] predict [C] restore [D] create
20. [A] modify [B] review [C] present [D] achieve
答案及解析
Section I Use of English
1. 【答案】B(however)
【解析】逻辑关系题。观察选项可知，本题考查逻辑关系。比较前后两句语义，即It’s not difficult to...(做……不难)和it is much harder to...(做……难得多)，由not difficult和much harder可知，前后两句语义相反，B项however(提示转折关系)符合原文逻辑关系。本题答案为B项。
干扰选项：A项therefore(因此)提示因果关系，C项again(又、再)提示并列关系，D项moreover(而且)提示递进关系，均不符合原文逻辑关系。
2. 【答案】A(Emphasize)
【解析】逻辑关系题。句中one和the other提示对比关系，and前后语义相反。由and后的the others become distorted(其余的就被扭曲了)可知，A项Emphasize(强调)符合原文逻辑关系，即，强调一个，其余则被忽略扭曲。本题答案为A项。
干扰选项：B项Identify(识别)，C项Assess(评估)，D项Explain(解释)均不符合原文逻辑关系。
3. 【答案】D(quickly)
【解析】语境题。代词this指代前一句的观点，即，设定目标会带来负面后果：只强调一点，其余则被忽略扭曲。本句是对该观点的举例论述。对比各项语义：A项nearly(几乎)，B项curiously(好奇地)，C项eagerly(渴望地)和D项quickly(快速地)。其中D项符合原文语义，即：坐上伦敦公交车，你很快就会看到这点是如何体现在司机身上的(Travel on a London bus and you’ll quickly see how this works with drivers)。本题答案为D项。
4. 【答案】C(check)
【解析】语境题。观察本段句式特点，可知，本段首句(Watch people get on and show their tickets)与下文为总分关系。作者随后以自问自答的形式，引出在公交车上乘车买票这一场景中几个群体的表现。由前文Do people get on without paying? Of course!(人们会逃票上车吗?当然!)对乘客表现的提问可知，本句要对检票员(inspectors)是否尽到检票责任提问。因此C项check(检查)符合原文语义。本题答案为C项。
干扰选项：A项claim(宣称)，B项prove(证明)和D项recall(记起)均不符合原文语义。
5. 【答案】B(ignored)
【解析】语境题。借助前文Are there inspectors to 4 that people have paid? Possibly, but very few(有检察员检查大家是否支付吗?可能有，但是很少)可知，本句对赶公交的人这个群体的提问也涉及到是否买票的问题。根据前文中各个群体的表现可知，他们买票与否很可能也无人注意。B项ignored(被忽视)符合语义，本题答案为B项。
干扰选项：A项threatened(被威胁)，C项mocked(被嘲弄)和D项blamed(被责备)均不符合原文语义。
6. 【答案】A(punctuality)
【解析】逻辑关系题。本句为段首句，本段下文与段首句为总分关系，语义一致。借助下文中drivers were 8 or punished according to the time they took(司机根据所用的时长获得8或惩罚)，以及And drivers hit their targets(司机们达到他们的目标)，可知，本句的target(目标)与时间有关。A项punctuality(准时)符合原文逻辑关系。
干扰选项：B项hospitality(好客)，C项competition(竞争)和D项innovation(创新)均不符合原文逻辑关系。
7. 【答案】B(So)
【解析】逻辑关系题。观察选项可知，本题考查句间逻辑关系。比较前后两句语义，即People complained that buses were late and infrequent(人们抱怨公交车晚点且班次较少)和the number of buses and bus lanes were increased(公交车和公交车道的数量增加)，可知二者为因果关系，即，人们抱怨为因，增加公交车数量为果。B项So(所以)符合原文逻辑关系。本题答案为B项。
干扰选项：A项Yet(然而)，C项Besides(此外)和D项Still(仍然)均不符合原文逻辑关系。
8. 【答案】C(rewarded)
【解析】逻辑关系题。or(或者)提示选择关系，由or后面的punished(惩罚)可知，C项rewarded(奖励)符合原文逻辑，即，根据所花时长，司机们或接受奖励或遭受惩罚。本题答案为C项。
干扰选项：A项hired(被雇佣)，B项trained(被培训)和D项grouped(被分组)均不符合原文逻辑关系。
9. 【答案】D(also)
【解析】逻辑关系题。观察选项可知，本题考查句间逻辑关系。比较上句drivers hit these targets与本句they 9 hit cyclists，可发现，hit为原词复现，提示两句为平行结构，D项also(也)符合原文逻辑，即，两个hit两个目标：前者hit到的是真正目标;后者hit到的是cyclists，意为误撞。由此引出设定目标带来的负面后果。本题答案为D项。
干扰选项：A项only(只有)，B项rather(宁可)和C项once(一旦)均不符合原文语义。
10. 【答案】B(revenue)
【解析】语境题。根据后半句you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing(你将会看到更多检票员和更敏感的价格)可知，本题与金钱有关。B项revenue(收益)符合原文语义。本题答案为B项。
干扰选项：A项comfort(舒适)，C项efficiency(效率)和D项security(安全)均不符合原文语义。
11. 【答案】C(cautious)
【解析】语境题。本句选项均为修饰drivers(司机)的形容词，根据本句If the criterion changed to safety(如果把标准改为安全性)可知，修饰司机的形容词需要体现司机安全驾驶的能力。因此D项cautious(谨慎的)符合原文语义，即，你将会看到更加谨慎且遵守交通规则的司机。本题答案为C项。
干扰选项：A项friendly(友好的)，B项quiet(安静的)和D项diligent(勤勉的)均不符合原文语义。
12. 【答案】B(problem)
【解析】逻辑关系题。another提示本句与前文语义一致。根据上句But both these criterion would be at the expense of time(此处criterion可理解为target，意为：但这两个标准都将以牺牲时间为代价)，可知，前文在说设立目标所致的负面影响。B项problem(问题)可与前文的负面影响进行呼应，符合原文逻辑关系。本题答案为B项。
干扰选项：A项purpose(目的`)，C项prejudice(偏见)和D项policy(政策)均不符合原文逻辑关系。
13. 【答案】D(noticed)
【解析】语境题。比较各项语义，A项reported(报道)，B项revealed(揭露)，C项admitted(承认)和D项noticed(注意到)，可知，D项符合原文语义，即：你是否注意到，飞机起飞迟了一小时，却仍然准时到达?本题答案为D项。
14. 【答案】B(trip)
【解析】语境题。根据13题所在句语义“飞机起飞迟了一小时，却仍然准时到达”，及下句A one-hour flight is now billed as a two-hour flight(一小时的航程按两个小时收费)可知，此处，航空公司改变的是trip(旅程、航程)应花的时长。本题答案为B项。
干扰选项：A项break(休息)，C项departure(离开)和D项transfer(转移)均不符合原文语义。
15. 【答案】A(moral)
【解析】语境题。the story指代前文航空公司为准时到达而修改航班实际时长，本句是对该故事的总结。A项moral(寓意)与story组成“the moral of the story”，意为“该故事的寓意”，符合原文语义。本题答案为A。
干扰选项：B项background(背景)，C项style(风格)和D项form(形式)均不符合原文语义。
16. 【答案】C(sacrifice)
【解析】逻辑关系题。one和others提示对比，and前后内容语义相反。而且，本句与前一句所组成的结构“Most jobs are multidimensional, with multiple criteria. Choose one criterion and you may well 16 others”与首段最后两句的结构Most work-related behaviors have multiple components. 2 one and the others become distorted相似，语义也相近。借助首段对应部分的the others become distorted可知，C项符合原文逻辑关系，即：选择一个标准，你可能就要牺牲另一个。本题答案为C项。
干扰选项：A项interpret(诠释)，B项criticize(批评)和D项tolerate(容忍)，均不符合原文逻辑关系。
17. 【答案】D(cost)
【解析】逻辑关系题。本句中的but提示前后语义相反。由前半句Everything can be done faster and made cheaper(每件事都可以完成得很快，成本很低)可知，D项cost(代价)符合原文逻辑关系，即：但这是有代价的。本题答案为D项。
干扰选项：A项task(任务)，B项secret(秘密)和C项product(产品)均不符合原文逻辑关系。
18. 【答案】C(relating to)
【解析】语境题。本题考查连接multiple criteria和critical factors的形容词短语语义。比较各选项语义，A项leading to(导致)，B项calling for(要求)，C项relating to(关于)和D项accounting for(对……作出解释)，可知，C项符合原文语义，即，所有好的目标都应具有与关键因素(如时间、金钱、质量和用户反馈)相关的多个标准。本题答案为C项。
19. 【答案】A(specify)
【解析】逻辑关系题。not only ... but also提示递进关系，借助understand可知，先确定目标才能进一步理解目标，所以A项specify(明确规定)符合原文逻辑关系，即，诀窍是不仅要确定目标的一个甚至两个方面，而且要理解……。本题答案为A项。
干扰选项：B项predict(预测)，C项restore(恢复)和D项create(创造)均不符合原文逻辑关系。
20. 【答案】D(achieve)
【解析】语境题。比较各项语义，A项modify(修改)，B项review(复习)和C项present(展示)和D项achieve(实现)，可知D项最符合原文语义，即，实现目标(achieve the objective)。本题答案为D。
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