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高考英语阅读文章的文体分类
阅读是一种理解、吸收、鉴赏、评价文章的思维过错。完成这个思维过程,则需要经过认知、分析、综合、理解、记忆、感受、判断等程序。文体类别不同,决定着叙述风格的差异。掌握文体风格,识别文章叙述结构,对正确领悟文章主旨有极大的帮助。下面小编给大家整理了高考英语阅读文章的文体分类以及答题技巧,欢迎大家阅读参考!

一、英语阅读文体类型简析
高考英语阅读常见的文体类型有:记叙文、议论文、说明文和应用文。
[1]记叙文。
英语记叙文以描写叙述为主,主要描写人物、事件、地点、或过程。特点是,其主题往往潜伏在字里行间,没有直接地表白出来;文章主旨要透过体察所揭示的人物、事件来进行提炼。描写手法大多按时间跨度、空间顺序、上下顺序来展开。阅读记叙文体应采取略读和扫读的方法,快速抓住文中描写的主要内容,从整体上去把握文章的连贯性,进而大体上揣测出作者的写作意图及情感主线。高考阅读就记叙文设题大多以细节理解为主。
[2]议论文。
英语议论文通常为三段式,即“论点、论据、结论”三部份组成。首先借助某一现象引出论点,然后通过一定论据从各个层面上加以推理论证,最后得出结论。议论文体主要考查学生对论点及论据的把握。因此,遇到议论文体时,应采取抓主题句的方法来把握文章主旨,弄清作者的观点。一般来说,作者的论点通常在文章首段被引出,接着是对这一论点的逻辑推理和论证,最后为结论。还应注意的是:在对论点论证的过程中,每一段的首句都是该段的主题句。把握全文论点、弄清论证各段的主题句、理解文章层次、找出中心论点的位置是理解议论文的关键。
就议论文而言,其论证的常见结构方式有:
1,总分式 总---分;分----总;总----分---总;
2,并列式 几个论据之间属于平等关系;
3,递进式 几个论据之间属于递进关系;
4,对照式 把两种事物加以对比,以彰显其中一种。
[3]说明文。
英语说明文的总体结构通常为三部份,说明对象、说明过程和归纳总结。常见的说明方法:
1,定义与诠释说明;
2,举例与引用说明;
3,分类与图表说明;
4,比较与比喻说明;
5,分析与综合说明;
就高考英语说明文的阅读而言,首先要抓住文章说明的要点,也就是要抓住被说明对象的实质性特征;弄清作者从哪个角度、哪个层面开始说明;并明白文章最后的说明结论。高考说明文阅读材料通常介绍最新科技、重大成就、生活时尚、流行现象等。了解说明文的写作手法、说明方法,理清短文结构及段落中心思想是答题关键。
[4]应用文。
英语应用文属于实用型文体,如书信、通知、日记、广告等。应用文阅读要注意文中具体细节的把握与理解,弄清作者所传达的实际信息及表达的具体内容。阅读时采取速读与精读相结合的方法,力求快速精确地查出试题所设置的关键内容。
二、英语阅读理解答题技巧
高考阅读理解常见的设题形式有:词义猜测题、主旨大意题、细节理解题、推理题和推断题。题型不同,答题技巧也就有差异。下面就不同题型的答题技巧作一点简分析。
1、词义猜测技巧。
这种题型要求对文章中的划线生词进行词义猜测。这类题型不仅要求具备一定构词法,而且也要求对上下文具有比较全面的理解。做词意猜测时,应注意划线生词后面的定语从句、同位语从句。定语从句、同位语从句通常用来解释生词的词意。另外,还要应注意生词后的标点符号,如逗号、破折号、引号、括号都可用于提示词意。有时,词意隐藏在全文或某一段中,这就需要把握文段的意境来加以透知该词的含义。
2、抓主旨大意的技巧。
一般来说,议论文的主旨大意要么在首段,要么在尾段。文章主旨位于首段时,其后的段落通常是演绎论证的过程;在段尾时,其前的段落通常是在摆事实、讲道理,最后归纳出全文主旨。说明文的主旨也通常位于首段;记叙文的主旨有的位于开首段(如新闻报道、时事经纬等文章的主旨均置于开场白的位置,达到开门见山、直奔主题的效果),但大多数记叙文的主旨隐藏在文章之中,需理清文章脉络,挖掘文章内涵,把握作者意图。
3、推断题型答题技巧。
推理是在既有信息的基础上得出合乎文章内容的内涵意义,即某一问题、某一观点没有直接表述,而寓意在文章的字里行间,要求通过文中信息分析推出某种符合作者思想、符合文章逻辑的内涵意义。推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析,推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断题推断得正确与否,很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。
4、细节题型的答题技巧。
细节题型的解答通常是借助对文中的具体信息的查寻来解决。答题时要采取略读、扫读、析读和精读的办法从文中找出问题答案。细节题型多问及时间、地点、人物、数量和特征等。
三、高考英语阅读理解不同体裁答题思路与解题技巧
一、应用文
(一)文章特点
语言简练:用词精准,无冗余表达,人名、地名、专有名词多,可能出现较多生词、缩略词。同时,祈使句、省略句常见,句子结构有时不完整。
结构清晰:多以排列式呈现,常采用“标题 + 小标题” 的形式展开内容,方便读者快速定位信息。
目的明确:旨在直接向读者传递特定信息,如广告宣传产品或服务、公告发布重要事项等。
(二)答题思路与技巧
快速浏览,把握主旨:跳读文章标题及每个小标题,或阅读文章首段,快速确定应用文的主题及各部分大致内容,无需通读全文。例如,一篇旅游宣传的应用文,通过标题和小标题能迅速知晓其介绍的旅游目的地、特色景点、旅游活动等关键信息。
审清题干,圈出关键:仔细阅读题目,明确题干意思,圈出疑问词(如 what、where、when 等)、人名、地名、时间状语等关键词。比如题目问 “Where can tourists buy local handicrafts?”,“where” 和 “local handicrafts” 就是关键信息。
定位原文,比对选项:将题干中的关键词带入原文,借助小标题等快速锁定其位置。然后把关键词所在句、所在段落的细节描述与四个选项进行细致比对,得出答案。如在一篇关于活动安排的应用文中,根据题干“At what time does the lecture start?” 中的 “lecture start”,定位到相关段落,找到具体时间,再与选项对比。
(三)实例分析
题目
Advertisement for a Music Concert
Date: June 15th, 2025
Venue: City Concert Hall
Performers: World - famous bands and singers
Tickets:
VIP tickets: $200, including a meet - and - greet with performers
Regular tickets: $80
Family package (2 adults + 2 children): $200
Special Offer: Buy two regular tickets and get one free before June 1st.
1.Where will the music concert be held?
A. In a park.B. At City Concert Hall.
C. In a stadium.D. At a theater.
2.How much should a family of four (2 adults and 2 children) pay if they buy tickets before June 1st?
A. 200. B.160. C. 240. D320.
解析
对于第一题,根据题干中的“Where”,定位到原文 “Venue: City Concert Hall”,可直接得出答案为 B。
第二题,题干关键信息是“a family of four (2 adults and 2 children)” 和 “before June 1st”。先看 “Family package (2 adults + 2 children): 200”,但因为有“before June 1st”的时间限制,需考虑“Special Offer: Buy two regular tickets and get one free”。两个成人买两张常规票,按优惠可免费得一张,此时已有三张票,再单独买一张儿童常规票(80),总共花费80×2+80 = $240,答案为 C。
二、记叙文
(一)文章特点
以事为主:通过叙述事件的发展过程来展现故事,通常包含事件的起因、经过、高潮和结局等要素。
时间或逻辑顺序:多数按时间顺序叙述事件,也可能依据事件重要性等逻辑顺序展开。
情感表达:结尾常蕴含作者的情感感悟,是文章的核心与升华部分。
(二)答题思路与技巧
顺藤摸瓜解细节:记叙文包含大量事件发展细节,涉及 5W(what、who、when、where、why)要素。解答细节题时,按文章顺序从前到后、从上到下依次作答。如在一篇讲述探险经历的记叙文中,问探险者何时到达目的地,直接在文中按顺序查找相关时间信息即可。
左顾右盼觅线索:做题时若无法在文中找到与题干完全一致的词句,需抓住题干关键词,到文中准确定位相关语句或疑似语句位置,然后从前句或后句寻找线索。例如,题干问“主人公为什么感到沮丧”,在文中找到描述主人公沮丧的语句后,查看前后句,可能会发现导致其沮丧的原因。
刨根问底析主旨:主旨大意、推理判断、作者意图等题型可采用类似方法。解答时不能被题干表象迷惑,要深入分析选项,通过在文中前后查找、结合生活经验和常理体会言外之意。比如,文章讲述了一位老人坚持做公益的故事,问作者写这篇文章的意图,就需从文中老人的行为及作者描述的字里行间分析,可能是为了赞扬老人的奉献精神,呼吁大家参与公益。
拨云见日猜词义:遇到词义猜测题,要结合上下文,在几句话、一个段落甚至整篇文章中搜寻线索,考虑人物、事物间的内在联系,从而推测词义。如在一篇故事中,出现“His face was ashen when he heard the bad news.”,通过 “heard the bad news” 可知主人公听到坏消息,结合常识,“ashen” 可能表示脸色苍白。
(三)实例分析
题目
Last summer, I went on a trip to the mountains with my friends. We started our journey early in the morning. After a few hours drive, we arrived at the foot of the mountains. The scenery there was amazing, with tall trees and colorful flowers everywhere. As we climbed higher, the air became fresher. Suddenly, one of my friends, Tom, slipped and hurt his leg. We were all worried. We stopped immediately and tried to help him. Luckily, a kind - hearted hiker passed by and offered us some first - aid supplies. With his help, we bandaged Toms leg and slowly made our way down the mountain.
1.When did they start their trip?
A. In the afternoon.
B. At noon.
C. Early in the morning.
D. In the evening.
2.What happened to Tom?
A. He lost his way.
B. He slipped and hurt his leg.
C. He got sick.
D. He fell into a river.
3.What can we infer from the passage?
A. They didnt enjoy the trip at all.
B. They will never go on a trip again.
C. People are usually helpful in difficult situations.
D. The mountains are very dangerous.
解析
第一题,根据“Last summer, I went on a trip to the mountains with my friends. We started our journey early in the morning.”,直接得出答案为 C。
第二题,由“Suddenly, one of my friends, Tom, slipped and hurt his leg.” 可知答案是 B。
第三题,从“A kind - hearted hiker passed by and offered us some first - aid supplies.” 可推断出在困难情况下人们通常是乐于助人的,答案为 C。A 选项,他们虽遇到意外但不能说完全没享受旅行;B 选项,文中未提及不再旅行;D 选项,不能因一次意外就说山很危险,均不符合文意。
三、议论文
(一)文章特点
论点明确:作者对某个问题或事件持有清晰的观点,并在文章开头或结尾明确提出。
论据充分:运用事实、例子、统计数据、名人名言等作为论据来支持论点。
论证严谨:通过一定逻辑推理将论点和论据联系起来,常见论证方法有举例论证、对比论证、因果论证等。
(二)答题思路与技巧
找准论点论据:阅读时首先确定文章论点,常见于文章开头(如提出问题后直接表明观点)或结尾(总结全文得出结论)。例如,在讨论“是否应该限制学生使用手机” 的议论文中,论点可能是 “Mobile phone use among students should be restricted to ensure better academic performance.”,接着找出支持论点的论据,如 “Statistics show that students who spend less time on mobile phones have higher grades in exams.”。
剖析论证逻辑:理解作者运用的论证方法及如何通过该方法证明论点。若是举例论证,关注例子与论点的联系;对比论证则明确对比双方及目的。比如在对比线上学习和线下学习效果的议论文中,通过对比两者的学习效率、互动性等方面,论证哪种学习方式更具优势,进而支持论点。
判断态度意图:分析论点和论据,判断作者对讨论问题的态度(支持、反对或中立),同时明确作者写作意图,是说服读者接受观点还是引发思考等。例如,作者通过大量论据阐述环保的重要性,意图可能是呼吁人们重视环保。
(三)实例分析
题目
Should Students Wear School Uniforms?
In recent years, the issue of whether students should wear school uniforms has been widely discussed. Some people believe that school uniforms should be mandatory. They argue that uniforms can create a sense of unity among students, reducing the differences in clothing and thus preventing students from being judged by their appearance. For example, in a school where uniforms are required, students focus more on their studies rather than competing with each other in fashion.
However, others hold the opposite view. They think that uniforms limit students personal expression. Students should have the right to choose what to wear, which can help them develop their individuality. For instance, a student who is interested in fashion may feel restricted by the uniform and lose the opportunity to show their creativity.
1.What is the main argument of those who support school uniforms?
A. Uniforms are more comfortable.
B. Uniforms can improve students academic performance.
C. Uniforms create a sense of unity and reduce appearance - based judgment.
D. Uniforms are cheaper than other clothes.
2.What is the example of a student interested in fashion used for?
A. To show that uniforms are not popular among students.
B. To prove that uniforms limit students personal expression.
C. To suggest that students should not be interested in fashion.
D. To emphasize the importance of creativity.
3.What is the authors attitude towards students wearing school uniforms?
A. Supportive.
B. Opposed.
C. Neutral.
D. Indifferent.
解析
第一题,根据“Some people believe that school uniforms should be mandatory. They argue that uniforms can create a sense of unity among students, reducing the differences in clothing and thus preventing students from being judged by their appearance.”,答案为 C。
第二题,从“However, others hold the opposite view. They think that uniforms limit students personal expression. Students should have the right to choose what to wear, which can help them develop their individuality. For instance, a student who is interested in fashion...” 可知,该例子是为了证明校服限制学生个性表达,答案为 B。
第三题,作者分别阐述了支持和反对校服的观点,未明确表达自己的倾向,所以态度是中立的,答案为 C。
四、说明文
(一)文章特点
科学性强:用于介绍事物的特征、原理、发展过程等,内容客观、准确,具有较强科学性
条理清晰:常采用总分总、总分、分总等结构,按照一定顺序(如时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序)进行说明。
语言平实:用词准确、简洁,较少使用夸张、比喻等修辞手法,以清晰传达信息为目的。
(二)答题思路与技巧
梳理结构层次:阅读时先确定文章结构,明确各段落之间的关系。如在介绍一种新型科技产品的说明文中,可能先总体介绍产品,再分别从功能、特点、使用方法等方面进行说明,最后总结产品优势。通过梳理结构,能更好理解文章内容。
关注说明细节:注意文中对事物特征、原理、数据等关键细节的描述。这些细节是理解文章和解答题目的关键。例如,在说明某种植物的文章中,关于植物生长环境、花期、果实特点等细节需重点关注。
分析说明方法:识别作者使用的说明方法,如举例子、列数字、作比较、打比方等,并理解其作用。举例子使说明更具体形象,列数字让说明更准确直观。比如,“The new smartphone has a battery life that is 30% longer than the previous model.” 通过作比较突出新手机电池续航优势。
推理判断信息:根据文章提供的信息进行合理推理判断,理解文章隐含意义。如在介绍某一历史事件的说明文中,通过对事件背景、过程的描述,推断事件产生的影响。
(三)实例分析
题目
The Solar System
The solar system consists of the Sun and the objects that orbit around it. The Sun is at the center, and eight planets, including Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, revolve around it.
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun. It has a very thin atmosphere and extreme temperature differences. Venus is known for its thick atmosphere, which is mainly composed of carbon dioxide, making it the hottest planet in the solar system. Earth is the only planet with known life. Its atmosphere contains oxygen, which is essential for life. Mars is often called the "Red Planet" due to its reddish appearance caused by iron oxide on its surface.
Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system. It has a huge storm called the Great Red Spot that has been raging for centuries. Saturn is famous for its beautiful rings, which are made up of ice and rock particles. Uranus and Neptune are the outermost planets. Uranus rotates on its side, while Neptune has the strongest winds in the solar system.
1.Which planet is the hottest in the solar system?
A. Mercury.B. Venus.C. Earth.D. Mars.
2.Why is Mars called the "Red Planet"?
A. Because it is very hot.B. Because it has a lot of water.
C. Because of the iron oxide on its surface.D. Because it is close to the Sun.
3.What is special about Uranus?
A. It has the largest storm.
B. It has beautiful rings.
C. It rotates on its side.
D. It has the strongest winds.
解析
第一题,依据“Venus is known for its thick atmosphere, which is mainly composed of carbon dioxide, making it the hottest planet in the solar system.”,答案为 B。
第二题,从“Mars is often called the Red Planet due to its reddish appearance caused by iron oxide on its surface.” 可知答案是 C。
第三题,根据“Uranus rotates on its side”,答案为 C。A 选项是木星的特点,B 选项是土星的特点,D 选项是海王星的特点。
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