托福写作中如何使用过渡词
在托福写作中，过渡词的使用能帮助考生捋顺思路，同时也有助于阅卷人理解托福考试写作文章观点、句子和段落之间的衔接。在本文中，我将主要介绍时间、因果关系、并列关系、递进关系、转折关系、比较关系、解释说明的过渡托福写作词汇。
1)时间
表示时间的过渡词能用到以下表达：before, after, ago, later, then, next, at the same time, while,meanwhile, since, during.
EXAMPLE
As China has witnessed its dramatic transformation in economy since1978, people’s life has been altered a lot compared with decades of years ago.During the past years, people’s eating habits have also been different. With more choicesemerging, there are more kinds of food available; at the same time, theprocessed technology makes it possible to preserve the nutrients of food asmuch as possible.
2) 因果关系
表示一个事物引起另一个事物的过渡词能用到以下表达：because, because of, since, on account of, due to, owing to, so, therefore,thereby, hence, thereby, thus, as a result, result in, as a consequence,consequently.
EXAMPLE
Meanwhile, in some rich countries and areas where education ishighly developed, there are other factors which may hind a country’sdevelopment, such as environmental pollution. Beijing, for example, as China’s educationcenter, has seen its people suffering from heavy smog since several years ago.With the rapid development of this metropolis, the air quality is getting worseand worse. People get sick and some of them even die. More and more companiesand workers are leaving this city because of the unaffordable health cost,resulting in huge economic damage. In this case, it is air quality that acts asthe most key part in social development instead of education. Thus the mosturgent task for the government is to improve the air quality other thanimproving schools.
3) 并列关系
在写作中表示并列关系可用以下表达：First…Second…Third….Also, as well as, and, similarly，besides，On one hand…one theother hand…
EXAMPLE
In contrast, to protect the environment and develop farming, thegovernment should encourage farmers to compost animal waste for use as anatural soil amendment and reduce the use of pesticides that contain hazardouselements so as to ensure food security as well as food safety.
4) 递进关系
为了在文章中表示递进关系，可以采用以下表达：Moreover, furthermore, in addition, what’s more,besides, also, similarly
EXAMPLE
What we should not ignore is the advantages owned by small partiesthat cannot be replaced by big parties. Compared with small parties, bigparties cost much more money and not all the food and drinks can be eaten up,as a result of which would cause much more waste; besides, there are much morepeople in the big parties and it is hard to know about all of them, among whichthe strangers can cause alienation and loneliness; in addition, unlike smallparties, big parties are hard to organize because it is really difficult tomake a schedule which is available to all the participants. Thus, it is easier,more economical, and more convenient to have small parties rather than bigparties.
5) 让步转折关系
在文章中表示让步转折的关系，可以采用以下表达：Although, though, despite, in spite of
EXAMPLE
Though we can see the importance of communication skills, it is hardfor us to agree with the arguer since there are many other important aspectsfor a person’s success which are left out.
6) 比较关系:
为了在写作中体现比较关系，可以采用一下表达：Compare with, in comparison with, in contrast to, similar to,similarly, like, unlike, either/or, Correspondently, resemble, almost the sameas, at the same time as, just as, in a like manner, in the same way, common in,than, also, neither/nor, differ from, while yet, instead
EXAMPLE
By contrast, it is needful for the government to put more money inenhancing the economy of the impoverished areas. A small village in my hometowncan be evident. Compared with the city’s prosperity, thisvillage is almost cut off from civilization, where people lead an extremelypoor life: their food is only potatoes; their clothes are dirty and worn-out;their houses are dilapidated, made of woods and stones; there is almost no busthat can reach there since the road is bad.
7) 解释说明
通过举例说明某一观点时可用一下表达：In other words, to clarify, to explain, to paraphrase, as, like,that is, for example, such as, for instance, to illustrate, namely
EXAMPLE
Working is a lifelong thing. If money has been put the first, it canbe wrong. I will give an example in order to explain my viewpoint. Manywhite-collar workers in big cities always work overtime in order to earn moremoney. But working overtime has eroded their relaxing time and damaged theirhealth and family relationship. Later, they have to pay a high price to fixtheir health problems and their unhappy family life. Moreover, some unluckystaff even died from overwork.
缺少过渡词会使得文章看起来各部分相对独立，极大地影响文章的连贯性和流畅性。所以学会使用过渡词，能帮助考生在fluency and transition这一评分标准下获得较高的分数。通过上面对于托福考试写作中常用的.关联词介绍大家对托福写作词汇又有新的认识了，多采取一些变化无论是对于托福写作还是别的项目都是很有好处的。