嵌入式系统常用术语锦集
digital signal processor(数字信号处理器)
A device that is similar to a microprocessor, except that the internal CPU has been optimized for use in applications involving discrete-time signal processing. In addition to standard microprocessor instructions, DSPs usually support a set of complex instructions to perform common signal-processing computations quickly.Common DSP families are TI"s 320Cxx and Motorola"s 5600x series.
一种类似于微处理器的的设备，不同的是它内部的CPU被优化，用于特定的应用，如离散信号处理。除了标准的微处理器指令外，DSP常常支持复杂指令集去非常快地完成通用的信号处理计算。通用DSP家庭是TI的320Cxx和Motorola的5600x系列。
E
EEPROM(电可擦的，可编程的只读存储器)
Electrically Erasable, Programmable Read-Only Memory. (Pronounced"Double-E"-PROM.) A type of ROM that can be erased electronically.
电可擦的，可编程的只读存储器。一种ROM能被电擦除。
EPROM(可擦的，可编程的只读存储器)
Erasable, Programmable Read-Only Memory. A type of ROM that can be erased by exposing it to ultraviolet light. Once erased, an EPROM can be reprogrammed with the help of a device programmer.
一种可用紫外线擦除的存储器。一次擦除后，EPROM可以在设备编程器的帮助下被重编程。
embedded system(嵌入式系统)
A combination of computer hardware and software, and perhaps additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a dedicated function. In some cases, embedded systems are part of a larger system or product, as is the case of an anti-lock braking system in a car. Contrast with general-purpose computer.
计算机硬件和软件的结合体，或许还加上机械等其他部分，被设计来完成专门的功能。在一些情况下，嵌入式系统是一个大的系统或产品的一部分，就象汽车上的防抱死装置。与通用计算机相对。
Emulator(仿真器)
Short for In-Circuit Emulator (ICE). A debugging tool that takes the placeof-emulates-the processor on your target board. Emulators frequently incorporate a special "bond-out" version of the target processor that allows you to observe and record its internal state as your program is executing
. 在线仿真器的简写。一个在你的目标板上放置仿真的处理器的调试工具。仿真器经常和一目标处理器的一种“外合”版本合在一起，这个版本的的处理器充许你运行程序时观察和记录它的内部状态。
Executable(可执行的)
A file containing object code that is ready for execution on the target. All that remains is to place the object code into a ROM or download it via a debugging tool.
一个包含准备在目标机上运行的目标代码的文件。放置目标代码到ROM中或通过调试工具下载。
F
Firmware(固件)
Embedded software that is stored as object code within a ROM. This name is most common among the users of digital signal processors.
是作为目标代码存贮在ROM中的嵌入式软件。这个名字在数字信号处理器的用户中相当流行。
flash memory (闪存)
A RAM-ROM hybrid that can be erased and rewritten under software control. Such devices are divided into blocks, called sectors, that are individually-erasable. Flash memory is common in systems that require nonvolatile data storage at very low cost. In some cases, a large fash memory may even be used instead of a disk-drive.
一种RAM-ROM的混血儿，它能在软件的控制下被擦除和重写。一些设备被分成叫段组的块，能个别地可擦。闪存用在需要很便宜的非易失数据存贮器的地方，一个大容量的闪存甚至被用作磁盘驱动器。
G
general-purpose computer(通用计算机)
A combination of computer hardware and software that serves as a
general-purpose computing platform. For example, a personal computer. Contrast with embedded system.
当作通用计算平台的计算机硬件与软件的组合。例如，PC。相对于嵌入式计算机。
H
HLL
See high-level language.
查阅高级语言。
Heap(堆)
An area of memory that is used for dynamic memory allocation. Calls to malloc and free and the C++ operators new and result in run-time manipulation of the heap.
一块被用作动态内存分配的内存区域。调用malloc和free、C++的操作符new、在运行时进行堆的操作。
high-level language(高级语言)
A language, such as C or C++, that is processor-independent. When programming in a high-level language, it is possible to concentrate on algorithms and applications without worrying about the details of a particular processor.
一种语言，象C或C++，是处理器独立的。当在高级语言上编程时，不需要考虑特定处理器的细节，只用关心算法和应用。
Host(主机)
A general-purpose computer that communicates with the target via a serial port or network connection. This term is usually used to distinguish the computer on which the debugger is running from the embedded system that is being developed.
一台通用计算机，它通过串口或网络连接与目标机通讯。这处名词一般用来区别调试程序运行的计算机和被开发的嵌入式系统。
I
ICE
In-Circuit Emulator. See emulator.
在线仿真器。查阅仿真器。
I/O(输入/输出)
Input/Output. The interface between a processor and the world around it. The simplest examples are switches (inputs) and LEDs (outputs).
输入/输出。处理器与外界的交互界面。最简单的例子是开关(输入)和发光二级管(输出)。
I/O device(IO设备)
A piece of hardware that interfaces between the processor and the outside world. Common examples are switches and LEDs, serial ports, and network controllers.
一种介于处理器和外界之间的硬件设备。一般的实例是开关、LED、串口和网络控制器。
I/O map(I/O映射)
A table or diagram containing the name and address range of each peripheral addressable by the processor within the I/O space. I/O maps are a helpful aid in getting to know the target.
一张包含每个外设的名字和地址的表格或图表，可由处理器在I/O空间中设定地址。I/O映射对得知目标机情况非常有利。
I/O space(I/O空间)
A special memory region provided by some processors and generally reserved for the attachment of I/O devices. Memory locations and registers within an I/O space can be accessed only via special instructions. For example, processors in the 80x86 family have special I/O space instructions called in and out. Contrast with memory space.
一个由处理器提供的特殊内存区域，一般为为I/O设备的附件保留。在I/O空间的内存位置和寄存器只能通过特殊的指定进行访问。例如：80X86家族的处理器有叫做in / out的特殊的I/O空间指令。相对内存空间而言。
ISR(中断服务程序)
See interrupt service routine.
instruction pointer(指令指针)
A register in the processor that contains the address of the next instruction to be executed. Also known as a program counter.
包含下一条要执行指令地址的处理器中的寄存器。也叫程序计数器。
Interrupt(中断)
An asynchronous electrical signal from a peripheral to the processor. When the peripheral asserts this signal, we say that an interrupt occurs. When an interrupt occurs, the current state of the processor is saved and an interrupt service routine is executed. When the interrupt service routine exits, control of the processor is returned to whatever part of the software was previously running.
一个从外设到处理器的异步电信号。当外设发出这个信号，我们说一个中断发生。当一个中断发生，当前的处理器状态被保存并且中断服务程序开始运行。当中断服务程序退出，对处理器的控制权转到先前运行的那个软件上。
interrupt latency(中断延迟)
The amount of time between the assertion of an interrupt and the start of the associated interrupt service routine.
在中断发生和相关的中断服务程序运行之间的时间长短。
interrupt service routine(中断服务程序)
A piece of software executed in response to a particular interrupt.
响应特定中断而运行的一小段软件。
interrupt type(中断类型)
A unique number associated with each interrupt.
和每一个中断相关联的唯一数字。
interrupt vector (中断向量)
The address of an interrupt service routine.
中断服务程序所在的地址。
interrupt vector table(中断向量表)
A table containing interrupt vectors and indexed by interrupt type. This table contains the processor"s mapping between interrupts and interrupt service routines and must be initialized by the programmer.
一个表格，包含由中断类型决定的中断向量和索引。这个表格包含中断与中断服务程序之间的处理器的映射，必须由程序员进行初始化。
intertask communication(进程间通讯)
A mechanism used by tasks and interrupt service routines to share information and synchronize their access to shared resources. The most common building blocks of intertask communication are semaphores and mutexes.
一种被用来在任务和中断服务程序之间共享信息和同步它们对共享资源访问的机制。大部分进程间通讯的建立的基石是信号灯和互斥。
K
Kernel(内核)
An essential part of any multitasking operating system, the kernel contains just the scheduler and context-switch routine.
任何多任务操作系统的本质部分，内核仅仅包含调度程序和上下文切换进程。
L
Linker(连接程序)
A software development tool that accepts one or more object files as input and outputs a relocatable program. The linker is thus run after all of the source files have been compiled or assembled.
一种能把一个或更多目标文件组合成可输入和输出的可重定位程序的开发工具。连接程序在所有的源文件都被编译或汇编之后运行。
Locator(定位程序)
A software development tool that assigns physical addresses to the relocatable program produced by the linker. This is the last step in the preparation of software for execution by an embedded system and the resulting file is called an executable. In some cases, the locator"s function may be hidden within the linker.
一种分配物理地址给连接程序处理过的可重定位程序的软件开发工具。这是准备一个软件在嵌入式系统中运行的最后一步，并且结果文件叫做可执行的。在一些情况下，定位程序功能隐藏在连接程序中。
logic analyzer(逻辑分析仪)
A hardware debugging tool that can be used to capture the logic levels (0 or 1) of dozens, or even hundreds, of electrical signals in real-time. Logic analyzers can be quite helpful for debugging hardware problems and complex processor-peripheral interactions.
一种硬件调试工具，能捕获实时电信号的许多逻辑电平(0或1)，逻辑分析仪在调试硬件问题和复杂的处理外设交互时相当有用。
M
memory map(内存映射)
A table or diagram containing the name and address range of each peripheral addressable by the processor within the memory space. Memory maps are a helpful aid in getting to know the target.
一个在内存空间中的，包含每个外设的名字和可由处理器设置的地址范围的表格或图表。内存映射有助于了解目标机情况。
memory-mapped I/O(内存映射I/O)
An increasingly common hardware design methodology in which I/O devices are placed into the memory space rather than the I/O space. From the processor"s point of view, memory-mapped I/O devices look very much like memory devices.
一种日益流行的硬件设计方法，在这种方法中，I/O设备被放置在内存空间而不是I/O空间。从处理器的观点看，内存映射I/O设备看上去很象内存一样。
memory space(内存空间)
A processor"s standard address space. Contrast with I/O space.
一个处理器的标准地址空间。相对I/O空间。
Microcontroller(微控制器)
A microcontroller is very similar to a microprocessor. The main difference is that a microcontroller is designed specifically for use in embedded systems Microcontrollers typically include a CPU, memory (a small amount of RAM and/or ROM), and other peripherals on the same chip. Common examples are the 8051, Intel"s 80196, and Motorola"s 68HCxx series.
微控制器很像微处理器。主要的差别在于微控制器被特殊设计用在嵌入式系统中。微控制器典型地包括CPU、内存(很小的RAM或ROM)，还有其他的外设，它们在同一块芯片上。常见的例子是：8051、Intel80196、Motorola68HCxx系列。
Microprocessor(微处理器)
A piece of silicon containing a general-purpose CPU. The most common examples are Intel"s 80x86 and Motorola"s 680x0 families.
一片包含通用CPU的硅片。常见的例子是：Intel80x86、Motorola 680x0系列。
Monitor(监视器)
In the context of this book, a debug monitor. However, there is a second meaning for this word that is associated with intertask communication. In that context, a monitor is a language-level synchronization feature.
在这本书的上下文中，是指调试监视器。然而，第二个意思与任务间通讯相关联。在那个上下文中，监视器是高级同步机制的特性。
Multiprocessing(多处理)
The use of more than one processor in a single computer system. So-called "multiprocessor systems" usually have a common memory space through which the processors can communicate and share data. In addition, some multiprocessor systems support parallel processing.
在单个的计算机系统中有多个处理器。被叫作“多处理器系统”的一般有公用的内存空间，处理器通过它们进行通讯和共享数据。另外，一些多处理器系统支持并行处理。
Multitasking (多任务)
The execution of multiple software routines in pseudo-parallel. Each routine represents a separate "thread of execution" and is referred to as a task. The operating system is responsible for simulating parallelism by parceling out the processor"s time.