数控机床的发展方向
The number controls the development direction of the tool machineCurrently, the forerunner in the world the manufacturing technique rises continuously, extremely high slice to pare soon, the super nicety processes the technical application of etc., the quick development of the gentle manufacturing system and calculator gather the system is continuously mature, the logarithms controled the processing technology to put forward the higher request.Count to control the tool machine nowadays positive the party in government wears following few directions development.
1）The high speed degree, high accuracy turns the speed and accuracy is two important index signs that the number controls the tool machine, it relates to process the efficiency and product quantities directly.Currently, the number controls the higher processor of system adoption number, frequency, to raise basic operation speed of the system.At the same time, adopt super and large-scale integrated circuit and many microprocessor structures, with the data processing ability of the exaltation system, then the exaltation puts the speed and the accuracy of repair the operation.Combine the adoption straight line the electric motor drives the straight line of the tool machine work pedestal directly servo enter to the way, its high speed degree and dynamic states respond to the characteristic very superior. Adopt the ex- feedback control technique, the error margin lets up consumedly. thus improving to turn the Cape to slice to pare of process the accuracy.
For the orientation extremely high the request that process soon, count to control the tool machine adoption principal axis electric motor and the tool machine principal axises to match two is an of structure form, carried out to change the electric motor of frequency and tool machine principal axis integral wholes to turn, the bearings of the principal axis electrical engineering adoption the magnetic levitation bearings, the liquid action presses the bearings or porcelain and ceramicses to roll over the bearings form.Currently, the porcelain and ceramics knife have to draw the layer knife to have to have already started get the application with diamond.
2）Multi-function turn to have every variety that the auto changes the knife the organization( the knife database capacity can amount to 100 above) to process the center, the ability carries out the milling to pare at the same time on same pedestal tool machine, the boring to pare, drills to pare, the car pare, expand the bore and offend the thread etc. various work prefaces process, the modern number controls the tool machine to still adopted many principal axises and face body more to slice to pare, namely carry on different way's slice to pare to process to the different part of a spare parts at the same time.The number controls the system because of adopting many structure of CPU and ratingses to break off to control the way, carrying on spare parts' process to draw up with procedure at the same time on one pedestal tool machine then, carrying out so-called" the stage process, backstage edit".For adapting the gentle manufacturing system and calculators to gather the request of the system, the number controls the system to have long-distance leave the string to go to connect, carry out the number to control the data correspondence between tool machine, also can directly set the number controls the tool machine to carry on the control.
3）The intelligence turn the modern number to control the tool machine and will usher in to control the technique from the orientation according to slicing to pare the conditional variety, regulating the work parameter automatically, making process the process can keep the best work appearance, thus get to process the rough degree of accuracy and smaller surfaces higherly, also can raise the production efficiency of the service life and equipments that knife have.Have from examine a patient, the self-taught replies the function, in the whole work appearance, the system at any time carries on to the system of CNC and various equipments that connect with each other with it from examine a patient, check.Once appear to break down, adopt to shut down to wait the measure immediately, and carry on break down to report to the police, hinting the part, reason etc. of take place the breakdown.Can also automatically make break down the mold piece is off-line, but connect to provide for using the mold piece, to insure the request that no man turns the work environment.In order to carring out the higher breakdown to examine a patient the request, developing trend is adopt the artificial intelligence the expert examine a patient the system.
4）The number controls to weave the distance automation along with the applied technical development of calculator, the sketch of CAD/ CAM hands over currently with each other the automatic plait distance of type have already got the more application, is a number to control new trend of the technique development.It is a spare parts that makes use of the CAD to draw to process the drawing, was had by knife in the calculator again the track data carry on the calculation and postpose the processing, the thus automatic born spare parts of NC processes the procedure, to carry out the CAD and CAMs to gather.Along with the technical development of CIMS, it is current to appeared the CAD/ CAPP/ CAM to gather again of the full-automatic plait distance method, it weave the distance to need the biggest differentiation of the CAD/ CAM system plait distance with it and process the craft parameter and need not be participate by the artificial, direct from the database of CAPP in the system acquire.
5）The credibility maximize the credibility that the number controls the tool machine has been main index sign that the customer concern most .The number control the system will adopt higher gather degree of electric circuit chip, make use of the large-scale or super and large-scale appropriation and the admixture type integrated circuits, the quantity that to reduce a machine piece, raise the credibility.Turn through the hardware function software, the request that to adapt various control function, the mold piece that adopt the hardware structure tool machine essence turn, standardizes at the same time and in general use turn and the series turn, make since raise the hardware production batch quantity, the again easy to organization produces to guard a pass with quantity.Still pass the auto circulates various diagnosis procedures, such as the start diagnosis, on-line diagnosis and off-line diagnosis...etc., carrying out to carry on break down to the hardware, software inside the system and various exterior equipments examine a patient and report to the police.The exploitation reports to the police to hint, expeling the breakdown in time;The exploitation permits the wrong technique, adopt" redundancy" design to the important parts, breaking down with the realization from instauration;Make use of various test, the supervision technique, be to produce the super distance,damaging knife , interference, power failure...etc. Various accident, carry on the homologous protection automatically.
6）Control the system small scaled turn the number to control the system small scaled turn easy to equip machine, electricity to combine for the integral whole.Mainly adopt currently super and large-scale gather component, many layer PC boards, adopt the three directions gearing method, make a machine of electronics piece can the high definition install, more large-scale contract the occupancy space of the system.But make use of a display of new colorful LCD to act for the traditional cathode ray tube, will make the number control the operate system further small scaled turn.Can install it on the tool machine equipments expediently thus, the more easy to logarithms controls the operation usage of the tool machine.
数控机床的发展方向
目前，世界先进制造技术不断兴起，超高速切削、超精密加工等技术的应用，柔性制造系统的迅速发展和计算机集成系统的不断成熟，对数控加工技术提出了更高的要求。当今数控机床正在朝着以下几个方向发展。 1）高速度、高精度化速度和精度是数控机床的两个重要指标，它直接关系到加工效率和产品质量。目前，数控系统采用位数、频率更高的处理器，以提高系统的基本运算速度。同时，采用超大规模的集成电路和多微处理器结构，以提高系统的数据处理能力，即提高插补运算的速度和精度。并采用直线电动机直接驱动机床工作台的直线伺服进给方式，其高速度和动态响应特性相当优越。采用前馈控制技术，使追踪滞后误差大大减小，从而改善拐角切削的加工精度。 为适应超高速加工的要求，数控机床采用主轴电动机与机床主轴合二为一的结构形式，实现了变频电动机与机床主轴一体化，主轴电机的轴承采用磁浮轴承、液体动静压轴承或陶瓷滚动轴承等形式。目前，陶瓷刀具和金刚石涂层刀具已开始得到应用。 2）多功能化配有自动换刀机构(刀库容量可达100把以上)的各类加工中心，能在同一台机床上同时实现铣削、镗削、钻削、车削、铰孔、扩孔、攻螺纹等多种工序加工，现代数控机床还采用了多主轴、多面体切削，即同时对一个零件的不同部位进行不同方式的切削加工。数控系统由于采用了多CPU结构和分级中断控制方式，即可在一台机床上同时进行零件加工和程序编制，实现所谓的“前台加工，后台编辑”。为了适应柔性制造系统和计算机集成系统的要求，数控系统具有远距离串行接口，甚至可以联网，实现数控机床之间的'数据通信，也可以直接对多台数控机床进行控制。 3）智能化现代数控机床将引进自适应控制技术，根据切削条件的变化，自动调节工作参数，使加工过程中能保持最佳工作状态，从而得到较高的加工精度和较小的表面粗糙度，同时也能提高刀具的使用寿命和设备的生产效率。具有自诊断、自修复功能，在整个工作状态中，系统随时对CNC系统本身以及与其相连的各种设备进行自诊断、检查。一旦出现故障时，立即采用停机等措施，并进行故障报警，提示发生故障的部位、原因等。还可以自动使故障模块脱机，而接通备用模块，以确保无人化工作环境的要求。为实现更高的故障诊断要求，其发展趋势是采用人工智能专家诊断系统。 4）数控编程自动化随着计算机应用技术的发展，目前CAD／CAM图形交互式自动编程已得到较多的应用，是数控技术发展的新趋势。它是利用CAD绘制的零件加工图样，再经计算机内的刀具轨迹数据进行计算和后置处理，从而自动生成NC零件加工程序，以实现CAD与CAM的集成。随着CIMS技术的发展，当前又出现了CAD／CAPP／CAM集成的全自动编程方式，它与CAD／CAM系统编程的最大区别是其编程所需的加工工艺参数不必由人工参与，直接从系统内的CAPP数据库获得。 5）可靠性最大化数控机床的可靠性一直是用户最关心的主要指标。数控系统将采用更高集成度的电路芯片，利用大规模或超大规模的专用及混合式集成电路，以减少元器件的数量，来提高可靠性。通过硬件功能软件化，以适应各种控制功能的要求，同时采用硬件结构机床本体的模块化、标准化和通用化及系列化，使得既提高硬件生产批量，又便于组织生产和质量把关。还通过自动运行启动诊断、在线诊断、离线诊断等多种诊断程序，实现对系统内硬件、软件和各种外部设备进行故障诊断和报警。利用报警提示，及时排除故障；利用容错技术，对重要部件采用“冗余”设计，以实现故障自恢复；利用各种测试、监控技术，当生产超程、刀损、干扰、断电等各种意外时，自动进行相应的保护。 6）控制系统小型化数控系统小型化便于将机、电装置结合为一体。目前主要采用超大规模集成元件、多层印刷电路板，采用三维安装方法，使电子元器件得以高密度安装，较大规模缩小系统的占有空间。而利用新型的彩色液晶薄型显示器替代传统的阴极射线管，将使数控操作系统进一步小型化。这样可以方便地将它安装在机床设备上，更便于对数控机床的操作使用。
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